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Maatschappijleer > Welfare state > Flashcards

Welfare state Flashcards

1
Q

What is a welfare state?

A

Verzorgingsstaat, the government plays an active role in ensuring the welfare and well-being of people.

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2
Q

What is welfare?

A

The extent to which people have access to sufficient means to meet their needs => income.

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3
Q

What is well-being?

A

The degree to which people are satisfied with their physical and mental health.

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4
Q

What is the solidarity concept?

A

If there is a group of a society willingness to share the risk with each other.
=> A welfare state relies on this, they share the risk.

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5
Q

What are the collective interests within a welfare state?

A
  • All can make use of the collective goods and services.

- In case something happens, one is ensured.

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6
Q

What is the downside to having collective goods and services?

A

Some people behave passively. We call these people ‘free riders’. They don’t contribute to the welfare state but they do use/abuse it.

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7
Q

What are a few of the functions, followed to work on the welfare state?

A
  • Insuring
  • Caring
  • Improving
  • Bonding
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8
Q

What is a social security system?

A

Insures people with an income in case of unemployment, sickness, old age or occupational disability.

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9
Q

Since 1983, the Netherlands is a social rule of law, what does this mean?

A

This implies that citizens have, other than traditional basic rights, social basic rights.

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10
Q

Rights and duties go hand in hand, name examples of this.

A
  • Show proof of applying for jobs
  • Paying taxes and premiums
  • Leerplicht
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11
Q

What is the value of a planned economy?

A

Equality

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12
Q

What is the communist state view?

A

The government takes the complete responsibility for the care of its citizens.

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13
Q

Does the planned economy often work out?

A

History showed that in practice a lot of things went wrong.

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14
Q

What was the value of a free market economy?

A

Freedom

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15
Q

Does the government take an active or passive role in a free market economy?

A

A passive role

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16
Q

Is the focus on risk of sharing, or sharing the risk, in a free market economy?

A

Risk of sharing.

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17
Q

Free market economy: Health care costs and good education are …

A

high

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18
Q

What is the flexicurity of the Scandinavian model?

A

Flexible labour market combined with strong social security system.

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19
Q

Does the government take an active or passive role in a Scandinavian model?

A

An active role

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20
Q

What are some more characteristics of the Scandinavian model?

A
  • High benefits
  • Extensive parental leave
  • Heavy collective tax burden
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21
Q

What is the Rhineland model?

A

A combination of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian model.

Harmonious collaboration between government, employers’ organisations and trade unions.

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22
Q

What are some more characteristics of the Rhineland model?

A
  • Social security is important
  • Rights of employees are well-protected
  • Families are well-protected
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23
Q

The Netherlands was a corporatist model until the …

A

1960s

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24
Q

What was the result of the Netherlands turning into a welfare state during the 70s?

A

High costs and from 1990s onwards cutting budgets and costs, as the welfare state was (and still is) under pressure.
More privatisation of collective goods.

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25
Q

What was the Netherlands the beginning of the 19th century?

A

Nightwatchman state

- liberal ideology

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26
Q

What are some of the disadvantage of a nightwatchman state?

A
  • Low wages
  • Long working hours (16h)
  • 6 day work week
  • children had to work too
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27
Q

What were the two first social laws?

A

The Poor Law (de Armenwet), 1854.

The Child Labour Act (De wet tegen kinderarbeid: het kinderwetje van Van Houten), 1874.

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28
Q

Why did the different social groups, (Christians, Social democrats and liberals), want change?

A

Christians - wanted to better the weaker people in society.
Social democrats - strived for a stronger power position of the workers.
Liberals - didn’t want to tackle poverty, but the crime resulting from the poverty.

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29
Q

Why did the free market economy transition to a mixed market economy?

A

During the 20th century, there was a growing need for collective goods and services.

30
Q

What triggered an intervention by the government?

A

The economic crisis of 1929.

31
Q

What did the government change after the economic crisis of 1929?

A
  • Minimum benefits for unemployed

- Public works programmes (werkverschaffingsprojecten)

32
Q

After the WWII, there was a big support for … government intervention.

A

socio-economic

33
Q

Who formed the government coalition (after WWII)?

A

The Catholics (KVP) and social democrats (PvdA).

34
Q

What did the KVP and the PvdA want?

A

The KVP wanted employees and employers to cooperate.

The PvdA wanted to income security.

35
Q

What three acts/laws resulted after the coalition of the KVP and the PvdA?

A
  • The general old-age pensions act (AOW)
  • The general social assistance act (Bijstandswet)
  • The labour law (Arbowet)
36
Q

What were the three sorts of expansion during the 50s and 60s?

A
  1. More risks were covered.
  2. More people were qualified to receive money.
  3. More sectors received a financial assistance.
37
Q

What were milestones?

A
  • 1956: Old-age pensions act (AOW)
  • 1957: vaccinations for babies
  • 1962: Contraceptive pill
  • 1965: Social Assistance Act (Bijstandswet)
  • 1947-1985: Steep increase in number of rental houses and rental subsidy
  • 1950-1970: More people continued studying after high school
38
Q

What are the societal consequences of the expanding welfare states?

A
  • Children from lower ‘social classes’ were able to rise on the social ladder.
  • Changes in lifestyles and views on politics and society.
  • Women gained more independence.
  • Fewer people were religious.
  • Increasing individualisation.
39
Q

What was the liberal viewpoint?

A

They focus on a free market. More government intervention is a hindrance to economic growth. People carry responsibility to take care of themselves.
(e.g. VVD, FvD)

40
Q

What was the social democratic viewpoint?

A

In favour of a mixed economy with a focus on fighting social inequality. This should come about by social partners who cooperate. Investments in e.g. education.
(e.g. PvdA, GL, SP)

41
Q

What was the Christian democratic viewpoint?

A

They find social mediators very important for the socio-economic field. In day-to-day care of sick/elderly people they want caregivers (mantelzorg) to play and important role.
(CDA, CU)

42
Q

Who are the most important players?

A

The government, employee’s and employer’s organisations.

43
Q

What are the three aims of the Dutch government?

A
  • A balanced labour market.
  • A just distribution of income.
  • Creating good labour conditions.
44
Q

Employees are united in …, (FNV and CNV).

A

trade union

45
Q

What are trade unions?

A

Organisations that look after the collective and individual interests of employees.

46
Q

Employers are united in …, (e.g. VNO-NCW and MKB-Nederland).

A

employers’ organisations

47
Q

What is social partners?

A

The combination of employees’ and employers’ organisations.

48
Q

What do social partners do?

A

They negotiate on working conditions (salary, holidays, extra social security, etc.)

49
Q

Where are agreements between employee and employer written down?

A

In a CAO, Collectieve Arbeidsovereenkomst.

50
Q

What is an CAO?

A

An agreement between employers and employees from one business sector about labour conditions.

51
Q

What are two strategies when negotiating?

A
  1. Harmony model (poldermodel)
    > Focus on finding joint solutions, recognising the interdependence.
  2. Conflict model
    > Focus is on differences of interest, and fighting hard.
52
Q

Which developments happened since the 1950s>

A

Post WWII - during the reconstructing phase; trade unions and government agreed to keep salaries low, to be able to compete internationally.

End of 1950s - increasing welfare made trade unions more demanding. This topped around 1970s.

During the 1980s - because of the economic crisis the trade unions didn’t demand high salary, in return they wanted as many people employed as possible.

1990s/2000s and later - with the ongoing globalisation the average income of employees in western world is under pressure.

53
Q

Why is the future of the trade unions insecure?

A
  • Increasing labour market
  • Fewer (young) employees with full contracts
  • Fewer young employees who become a member of trade unions
  • Increasing one-to-one arrangements between employees and employers.
54
Q

What are the three main points when answering the question: How does the welfare state function in practice?

A

Education
Healthcare
Social security

55
Q

What are two important goals within education?

A
  1. Decrease inequality, and provide chances to develop talents.
  2. Getting highly skilled/educated work force.
56
Q

Compulsory education from … to …

A

5 - 16

57
Q

You may stop at the age of 16 if you have a ….

A

startkwalificatie

58
Q

Who is consulted in case of skipping class?

A

The leerplichtambtenaar.

59
Q

Who checks the quality of the education?

A

The onderwijsinspectie.

60
Q

What two schools are there?

A

Schools with religious backgrounds (bijzondere scholen).

And public schools (openbare scholen).

61
Q

Yet inequality within the schoolsystem remains, how?

A
  • Which is partially a results of the educational level of the parents.
  • Partially because children at a young age are placed at a certain level (vmbo, havo of vwo).
62
Q

Of what two parts does the social security system work?

A
  1. Social insurances: compulsory insurances for all.
    > employees’ insurances
    > national insurances
  2. Social assistance: intended for people who can’t claim social insurance benefits.
63
Q

What are the three most important benefits (employee’s insurances)?

A
  1. Unemployment Insurance Act (Werkeloosheidswet, WW).
  2. Sickness Benefit Act (Wet uitbreiding loondoorbetalingsplicht bij ziekte, WULBZ).
  3. Occupational disability Insurance schemes (wet werk inkomen naar arbeidsvermogen, WIA).
64
Q

What are some national insurances everyone pays for?

A
  • General Old Age Pensions Act (Algemene ouderdomswet, AOW).
  • General Survivors’ Act (Algemene nabestaandenwet, ANW).
  • General Child Benefit Act (Algemene Kinderbijslagwet, AKW).
65
Q

Who is social assistance for?

A

People who cannot claim social insurance benefits, for example because they have never worked.

66
Q

What social assistance are there?

A
  • Work and Social Assistance Act (WWB) is given so a person is able to independently support himself, (pay for food, housing etc.)
  • Supplementary assistance is accessible to those in general social assistance since and essential expense can’t be paid for, (e.g. replacing a broken washing machine).
67
Q

How is the government trying to get the citizens to be more self-reliant?

A

To stimulate mantelzorg (informal care).

68
Q

What is mantelzorg?

A

Help given by direct family, neighbours and/or friends to a person in need.

69
Q

What are proponents of market forces in health care?

A

Health care becomes more efficient, waiting lists shorten and costs will lower.

70
Q

What are opponents of market forces in health care?

A

They wonder whether market forces have a positive impact on the quality of health care and emphasise that people in need of care have fewer places they can go for help.

Maatschappijleer (4 decks)

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