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Britain Transformed 1918-2000 > Welfare > Flashcards

Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

Ministry of Reconstruction, 1917

A
  • Purpose: to ensure everyone had a basic security level. - - First attempt to build a better Britain following wartime.
  • Libs wan to expand plans for welfare from pre-WW1. Eg home fit for heroes.
  • Ambitions suffered due to economic reality post-WW1.
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2
Q

What was the 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act?

A

Tried to cover those not covered by National Insurance Act (illness, injury); Long-term solution: many ex-soldiers had had to rely on a “dole donation” before it.

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3
Q

What was the 1925 Pensions Act?

A
  • 10 shillings/week if aged 65 - 70, widows, orphans of dead workers.
  • Pensions not means-tested like when introduced in 1908.
  • 1st part of welfare funded by compulsory contribution. Big change generally accepted due to harsh economic state.
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4
Q

What was the 1919 Housing Act?

A

Gave local govts. chance to use national govt. funds to build 600,000 necessary new homes; housing shortage was being addressed; govt. had chance to fulfill “homes-fit-for-heroes” promise post- WW1.

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5
Q

When were housing acts passed in the 20s and 30s?

A

‘23/’24 and 1930.

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6
Q

How did WW1 change people’s attitudes towards healthcare?

A

New approach: war had exposed how unhealthy ppl were- 40% of men who signed up declared unfit for combat.

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7
Q

What was The Emergency Medical Service 1939

A

National emergency healthcare system- treat all Blitz casualties
- Resources “pooled”, medical profession’s attitude changed - persuaded by the govt. funding for resources during this time and a boost in their wages.

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8
Q

What was The Beveridge Report 1942

A

Call for centralised welfare, govt-regulated, & funded by single insurance payment & system based on no means testing or “dependence” on govt. handouts.

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9
Q

What were Lady Almoners in the beginning of the 20th century?

A

Medical social worker employed by hospitals to interview those looking for healthcare; decided rate they’d pay, the amount of treatment they were entitled, and who had access, based on their wealth.

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10
Q

How did the role of a Lady Almoner change during the 20th century?

A

Role changed to ensure everyone had access to healthcare, but they disappeared in the 1960s after idea of ‘Deserving Poor’ dissipated.

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11
Q

Where could people go to get healthcare in the 1920s?

A

Upper and middle classes could bring hospital to them, but working classes were forced to go to hospital.

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12
Q
  1. How much did it cost to see a doctor at a hospital?

2. How much did some working class people earn?

A
  1. Sixpence - half a shilling

2. 5 shillings a week

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13
Q

What was a ‘Mutual Aid Fund’ or a ‘Friendly Society’?

A

Volunteers in a working community paid small amount out of wage/week (usually ~ 3 pence/week) into a healthcare fund; if anyone who’d paid needed they could have it.

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14
Q

Where were ‘Mutual Aid Funds’ popular?

A

Coal mining communities where Black Lung, collapsed pits, arm injuries, etc, were common.
e.g. in 1931 76 dead miners in Grenfell pit collapse.

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15
Q

Disadvantages of ‘Mutual Aid Funds’

A
  • Could collapse easily as there were no big backers

- Voluntary

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16
Q

Advantage of ‘Mutual Aid Funds’

A

Miniature NHS

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17
Q

What was the ‘hospital habit’ in the 1930s?

A

By 1939, 20 million members of the working class covered by Mutual Aid Funds, became used to going to hospital for small things.

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18
Q

What was the ‘Peckham Experiment’?

A

Began in 1926: The Pioneer Health Service Surgery opened this in the working class area of Peckham to see if people would maintain/pursue fitness if given the resources by paying 1 shilling/week (=£5 today).

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19
Q

What was the focus of the ‘Peckham Experiment’?

A

Focused on prevention of illness, a reason for the experiment being based in what would be now known as a leisure centre.

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20
Q

What was the Local Government Act 1929?

A

Supportive of Healthcare: - ‘Poor Law’ Hospitals taken over by local govt.

  • Dentistry, school med services responsible for key healthcare services
  • By 1938: 75,000 General Hospital Beds
  • Panel Doctors insured 43% through National Insurance
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21
Q
  1. What were General Hospitals?

2. What were Panel Doctors?

A
  1. If refused a bed at a private hospital, you’d be given one at a general hospital
  2. If you couldn’t afford healthcare, they’d be able to provide you with some healthcare, but not lots due to cost
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22
Q
  1. What was the Lancet?

2. What did it publish in 1939?

A
  1. A leading medical publication

2. An opinion editorial proposing the creation of a nationalised health service

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23
Q

Who was covered by private health insurance?

A

75% of the population, meaning 25% had to rely on over-the-counter remedies and other inexpensive treatments.

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24
Q
  1. What was the public attitude towards a nationalised health service in 1939?
  2. What was the public attitude towards a nationalised health service in 1945?
A
  1. People were divided- some loved the idea, others didn’t.

2. Blitz spirit created collectivist attitude- people agreed that they needed to take care of each other.

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25
Q

What was the Emergency Medical Service?

A

Blueprint of NHS which made people more sympathetic to idea of NHS.

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26
Q

What was published in 1942?

A

Beveridge Report commissioned by Churchill which provided concrete plan for post-war reconstruction to deal with the 5 giants:

  • Squalor
  • Disease
  • Ignorance
  • Idleness
  • Want
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27
Q

How popular was the Beveridge Report?

A
  • 630,000 copies sold
  • The part calling for a centralised nationalised health service particularly inspired Labour part of National govt, especially its leader Clement Attlee.
28
Q

What was the basis of the Labour party ‘Let Us Face The Future’ manifesto of 1945?

A
  • Beveridge on crack + Keynes + Socialism
  • Beveridge proposed an NHS funded by a single national insurance payment; Labour said it’d be funded by taxes, nat. insu payments, and govt. borrowing.
29
Q

Who was in charge of the NHS?

A

Nye Bevan, who genuinely believed people’d get healthier and preventative medicine would cause NHS costs to fall after 1948, but what actually happened was ‘dandruff syndrome’ i.e. people going to drs. for insignificant things.

30
Q

Who disagreed with the 1945 Labour government’s proposal for an NHS?

A
  • Tories but eventually relented as it becomes so popular.- consensus politics
  • Med professionals: private practices and the British Medical Association opposed, but Bevan “stuffed their mouths with gold”- same wage, allowed private patients and medical insurance companies.
31
Q

What did the National Insurance Act 1946 do?

A
  • Nationalised voluntary hospitals

- Approved “friendly societies”

32
Q

Why did the NHS become harder to afford after 1948?

A
  • Growing economy based on consumer debt
  • Many medical developments e.g. dna discovered in 1953, CAT scans, MRI in the 70’s, ultrasound in the 50’s, 33 new antibiotics compared to just penicillin before.
33
Q
  1. What was the June 1945 Family Allowances Act?

2. What impact did this have?

A
  1. Extra funding for mum to support children: 5 shillings/week for each child in a family sauf the eldest- payable whilst child was of school age, up to age of 18 if apprenticed or in full-time school education.
  2. By 1949, 88% of those who applied had received this support.
34
Q
  1. What was the 1946 Industrial Injuries Act?

2. What was the 1948 National Assistance Act?

A
  1. Provided cover for work accidents.

2. Set up boards to deal w/hardship and poverty. Didn’t have vigorous form of means-testing and so was popular.

35
Q
  1. What did the 1946 Industrial Injuries Act and the 1948 National Assistance Act combined show?
  2. What was the impact of these acts?
A
  1. Commitment to worker welfare that surpassed unemployment benefit.
  2. Welfare state prioritised people’s needs b4 the old economic logic of balancing the books. Universal support for those in need was becoming a reality post WW2.
36
Q
  1. How many homes were destroyed during WW2?
  2. How many were built by 1948?
  3. In comparison to the number needed, how many were built?
A
  1. 700,000
  2. 230,000 per year built by 1948.
  3. 10,000 less/year built than needed but in 1945-51, 1M built and four in five by the govt.
37
Q
  1. What did the Fisher Act 1918 do to the school leaving age?
  2. What did it do to discourage businesses from using child labour?
A
  1. Set school leaving age to 14

2. Fines for use of child labour

38
Q

The Hadow Reports

A
  • 1926- Idealistic, created framework for Butler; recommended change of department at age 11 as well as age 7—> creation of primary school (ages 5-11)
  • 1931/1933- suggested there should be alternative schools and high IQ schools as there was a belief at the time that ability was fixed by age 11- blueprint for tripartite (Butler)
39
Q
  1. What did the Butler Act 1944 aim to do?
A
  • Create a meritocratic system
  • Plan to tackle the giant of “ignorance”
  • Aimed to establish a ‘parity of esteem between pupils’
40
Q

Achievements of the Butler Act 1944

A
  • Leaving age raised to 15 in 1947
  • Free secondary schools for all
  • No fees 4 grammar schools
  • T-Schools. Secondary Moderns, Grammars- Tripartite
41
Q

Limits to the Butler Act 1944

A
  • Still educational elite- didn’t touch public schools
  • Esteem issues- 11+ test seen as pass/fail
  • 20% received highly academic Grammar education
  • 70% went to Secondary Moderns, seen by kids as subpar
  • Very few T-Schools- costly and only 5% went
42
Q
  1. 1963 Robbins Report- Context

2. What did it recommend?

A
  1. No. of 18-22 year olds going to uni only went up from 0.8% to 4% between 1900-1962. 22% of these went to Oxbridge.
    • Universal nat grant to all students w/a uni place
      - Big increase in state funding to increase no. of uni places
      - The advice was acted upon
43
Q

1963 Robbins Report- Impact

A
  • Opening of Polytechnic schools
  • 1969 Open University- access courses remotely e.g. lectures broadcasts on BBC1/BBC2 in early morn’
  • Number of unis increased from 22 to 46
44
Q

Crosland Circular 1965:

  1. What did it propose?
  2. What was its effect?
A
  1. Tripartite system was unfair.
  2. 1960-79: large debate on if comprehensive schools should replace tripartite system as a fairer, more equal form of education. By 1964- 10% of all pupils educated at comprehensives which accepted all abilities.
45
Q
  1. Who supported the Crosland Circular 1965?

2. Who didn’t support the Crosland Circular 1965?

A
  1. Popular w/middle class who liked how it would improve social mobility; wouldn’t affect them that much anyway.
  2. Working class- wanted more opportunities for their kids than they had.
46
Q

What did The Plowden Report 1967 propose?

A
  • More liberal teaching in primaries and more progressive reforms- e.g. focus on learning through play (early years), large nursery school building programme
  • Said teaching of grammar + punctuation hindered creativity and threatened progress
  • More project-based work in primaries au lieu de teacher-led activities
47
Q

Why was the Plowden Report 1967 controversial?

A
  • Some took it to extremes which worried parents- relaxed discipline, no uniforms, called teachers by 1st names
  • Some secondaries also adopted the policies
  • E.g. William Tyndale Junior School (N.London)- choose classes to go to, play table tennis, watch tv instead of study.
48
Q

Based on the Plowden Report 1967, what was the importance of the Education Act of 1973?

A
  • Raised school leaving age to 16
  • Allowed Local Education Authorities (LEAs) to set up work experience au lieu de lessons for a final year student- helped students find work in tough economic climate of ’70s.
49
Q

The Nationalisation of the Health Service- Benefits?

A
  • Healthcare fully centralised and coordinated- funded by taxes + national insurance; free healthcare to all.
  • Infectious disease deaths like TB- from 25,000 to 5,000/year.
  • Deaths in childbirth fell from 1/1000 in 1949 to 0.18/1,000 by 1970.
  • 1st full hip replacement in 1962
50
Q
  1. How much of the GDP was spent on the NHS?

2. What was the government forced to charge for due to increasing costs of the NHS?

A
  1. Kept increasing. Over 4.1-4.8% of GDP by 1965- e.g. 33 antibiotics post- NHS, only penicillin before
  2. Forced to charge for dentures and spectacles in 1951- split Labour, Bevan + cronies resigned
51
Q

Examples of how rising costs challenged the Welfare State 1964-1979

A
  • Growing size of welfare state- by end of ’70s welfare spending cost ~6.5% of GDP; required ever more bureaucracy to make it work.
  • New social groups not covered by Beveridge emerged e.g. low-wage earning families and mono-parent families
  • No Job benefits rose: 0.6% of GDP 1939; 8.8% in 1980
52
Q

Examples of criticisms to the Welfare State 1964-1979

A
  • Many also felt it was unsustainable- poor state of economy, commitment to full employment fuelling inflation
  • Angry about persistence of privilege in healthcare and education, attacked welfare as inadequate+ thought more should be done to combat relative poverty
53
Q

How many primary schools and secondary schools were there 1945-1979?

A
  • 900 primary schools

- Only 250 secondary schools

54
Q

Was the 1920 Unemployment Act successful?

A

Failed: Passed just as economic recession began, so the system didn’t become self-funding; by 1930s it was necessary to “means test”.

55
Q

Was the 1919 Housing Act successful in the long term?

A

Need for Geddes Axe and to “balance the books”: only 230,000 were built. Housing shortage worsened annually.

56
Q

How did the government incentivise companies to build houses?

A

Companies got tax breaks to build houses. 4 mil built, 1 mil using govt. money.

57
Q

What effects did the Housing Acts of the ’20s and ’30s have?

A
  • New suburbs around London developed.
  • Gradually, housing improved, govt. showed commitment to solving housing problems. 1930: people moved away from overcrowded cities to live in new housing.
58
Q

What was the Ministry of Health?

A

Est 1919- coordinated healthcare needs; start of govt. leading provision + investment.

59
Q

What impact did the Ministry of Health have?

A

Slow impact. Interwar years, private insurance companies provided 75% of healthcare. Late 30s there was a jump in State insurance. Widows, orphans etc. still need “sympathetic GP”.

60
Q

Impact of the Emergency Medical Service

A
  • More ppl than ever b4 had access to healthcare - by end of war, it was treating civilians and child evacuees.
  • More sympathy to idea of nationalised health system.
61
Q

Impact of the Beveridge Report 1942

A

Concrete plan for post-war reconstruction, captured clear feeling of time that war was being fought to deliver a better world. Inclusive welfare system would be part of it.

62
Q

What was the impact of post-war housebuilding?

A

Effective- use of pre-fab materials. Speed of building led to the 1946 New Towns Act which moved people out of big cities and into new towns (e.g. Milton Keynes).

63
Q

What did the Fisher Act 1918 introduce which was scrapped by the Geddes Act?

A
  • Introduced nurseries- 1st time there was a focus on education in the early years
  • Introduced contribution schools- if you left school for work at 14, you’d go to this for 1 day a week until age 16
64
Q

How did the Crosland Circular 1965 change education from before?

A
  • By 1979, 90% of pupils educated at comprehensives

- Restricted funding for grammar schools & (LEAs- basically school districts) unless they become more comprehensive

65
Q

How did life expectancy change in the post-war consensus?

A

66 in 1950 to 70 in 1979 (male) 71 in 1950 to 75 in 1979 (female)- much higher than France, W. Germany, etc… but diseases linked w/old age increased e.g. 200,000 arthritic men & 700,000 women in 1970

66
Q

Future PM that criticised the welfare state

A

Margaret Thatcher= key critic: said it created a poverty trap and encouraged dependence on the state

Britain Transformed 1918-2000 (20 decks)

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