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Weimar Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 reasons why there was a high lack of support for democracy 1918-29

A

Army openly disliked republic, army had lots of respect from German republic
Dolchtoss

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2
Q

How did the republic creation mark change, what was the republic unfamiliar with and why

A

Marked change of organisation and structure of power
Unfamiliar with democracy- previously had limited power to pass or reject laws

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3
Q

When did Ebert announce the creation of the Weimar Republic

A

November 9th 1918

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4
Q

Why was the creation of Weimar Republic difficult

A

External pressure, unrest in country (due to defeat and treaty of Versailles and abduction of kaiser)

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5
Q

What happened to Germany’s military under ToV

A

Only allowed 100,000 men, conscription band, six battleships, no submarines no air force, no soldiers

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6
Q

What was article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles

A

War guilt clause

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7
Q

What happened to Germany’s land under ToV

A

Lost 10% of land, lost empire, coalfields

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8
Q

How many assassinations were there from 1919 to 21

A

376

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9
Q

When was the Sparticist uprising

A

January 1919

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10
Q

What caused sparticist uprising

A

January 4, Eichorn sacked 2000s of what workers went on strike (100,000 January 6th)

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11
Q

What happens in the sparticist uprising and what was the goal

A

Took over government newspaper aim to take over Germany as a communist country

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12
Q

How did the sparticist uprising end

A

Ebert ordered Freikorps to stop 13th January it stopped, 16th January leaders killed

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13
Q

Who are the freikorp

A

Group of right wing nationalist ex-soldiers. They hate the treaty of Versailles and felt they never lost World War One

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14
Q

When was the kapp putsch

A

March 1920

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15
Q

How did the kapp putsch happen

A

March 20th freikorp, led by Wolfgang kapp, due to being disbanded and fear of unemployment. 5000 of them marched in Berlin and put forward kapp as politician and declared new government

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16
Q

Why did the kapp putsch happen

A

Freikorps hated Weimar Republic

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17
Q

How did the kapp putsch end

A

Old government fled, strikes and essential services ended. After 4 days kapp couldn’t govern.

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18
Q

When was the Ruhr crisis

A

January 1923

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19
Q

How did the Ruhr crisis start and why

A

Germany couldn’t pay reparations in 1922 December . They failed to send Ruhr coal to France.

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20
Q

What happened first in the Ruhr crisis

A

French send troops to Ruhr, to take payment in raw materials. 11th jan 1923, 60,000 french takeover.

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21
Q

What were the events of the Munich putsch

A

9th nov 1923 hitler, lundendorff and 1000 SA members march to Munich, police are prepared and kill 14 and hitler is arrested.

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22
Q

How did Germany react to Ruhr crisis and what did France do

A

Workers went on strike, Ruhr production stops. So french bring in their own workers (causes violence) and arrests them

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23
Q

How many soldiers did the French army have

A

750,000

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24
Q

What did the Ruhr crisis cause for Germany other than hyperinflation

A

Increased debts, unemployment, worsened shortages

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25
Q

How does the Ruhr crisis and hyperinflation link

A

Weimar Republic print more money to pay strikers and make up for the loss of coal/iron

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26
Q

3 reasons Munich putsch failed

A

Hitler failed to get army support, lack of support from kahr/lossow (prepared munich) no support of people

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27
Q

Short term consequences of Munich putsch

A

Nazis banned, Hitler in jail and looks like a coward. 32 seats in 1924

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28
Q

Why was Hitlers trial positive for nazis

A

National press (used to attack republic), short time in prison, Hitler wrote mein kampf

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29
Q

What’s included in the 25 point plan

A

Destroy treaty of Versailles, expel Jews, build army, racist and socialist ideas

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30
Q

When did nazi party relaunch

A

1925

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31
Q

How did the price of bread change during hyperinflation

A

One mark in 1919 to 200 billion marks in 1923

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32
Q

What are the positives and negatives of hyperinflation

A

Positives: owed money value decreases, workers do well, wages increase
Negatives: normal living impossible, mass poverty, starvation, bankruptcy

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33
Q

When did stresemann become chancellor

A

August 1923

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34
Q

What were four things stresseman did to fix economic problems and how

A
  1. Dawes plan 1924 - reduced reparations to 50 million a year, industry grows by 40%
  2. Introduces new currency - rentenmark to end hyperinflation, once reset prices, replaced by reichsmark, trusted currency
  3. Ends Ruhr crisis
  4. Young plan 1919 - 6 billion to 2 billion and +59 years to pay off reparations. Gov can reduce taxes
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35
Q

What is the Locarno treaty

A

1925 UK, Belgium, and France accepted new border, and France promised peace

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36
Q

What was signed in 1928 by stresemann

A

Kellog braind pact - peace talks

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37
Q

What are the results to stresemann actions

A

Germans happier with government, restored national pride and Europe see Germany as respectable

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38
Q

How did the work of stresemann bring stability to German politics

A

Coalitions work together, decisions can be made
Hindenburg president 1925
German people are happy

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39
Q

How many cinemas were there in the golden age

A

3800 in 1932

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40
Q

How much did the nazis get of the vote in 1928 during the golden age

A

2% 12 seats

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41
Q

What were the negatives of the golden age

A

Germany very reliant on the US loans/money ‘we are dancing on a volcano’

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42
Q

What change was made for women during the golden age

A

Equal rights, fashion, smoking, drinking

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43
Q

How did wages and housing change during the golden age

A

Wages increased by 10% and hours drop
New housing built
60% less homeless

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44
Q

When and how did the Wall Street crash happen

A

1929, USA asks for Dawes loans back, causes serious economic problems - Great Depression

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45
Q

How much did the depression affect industrial production

A

Fell by 40% by 1932

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46
Q

What else changed or was affected by the Great Depression

A

Business collapse, trade stopped, unemployment rose, banks collapsed

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47
Q

How much did unemployment rise during the Great Depression

A

From 1,300,000 to 6,000,000

48
Q

Why did people turn into the Nazis during the Great Depression

A

Unemployment benefits cut and taxes increased so people lost faith in the republic

49
Q

What did Nazis do to ‘fix’ the economy

A

Offer bread and work set up soup kitchens

50
Q

How did the Great Depression change nazi votes

A

230 seats

51
Q

What happened to Germany’s communist party during the Great Depression

A

Gain votes from the working class

52
Q

How did the rise of communism help the Nazis during the Great Depression

A

Hitler promised to destroy communism and use the SA to beat them up and disrupt meetings
Gained support from the rich, who feared lands and profits being taken away

53
Q

How many newspapers did the Nazis own by 1930

A

130

54
Q

How did the SA help the Nazis

A

They were intimidating, bigger army than the communists, bigger army than the German army, people liked the uniforms, SA intimidated people at polling stations

55
Q

What was Germany’s situation like in 1932

A

Germany in chaos, 6 million unemployed, chaos on streets, Germany on verge of collapse, coalitions always arguing, article 48 to use a lot

56
Q

When was the reichstag fire

A

27th February 1933

57
Q

Why was the reichstag fire a gift for Hitler

A

He’d always promised, communists wanted to take over

58
Q

What does hindenburg give Hitler after the reichstag fire

A

The emergency decree
Germany becomes a police state
Hitler arrests 4000 communists, shut down their newspapers and killed 51 opponents

59
Q

When were Nazis the second biggest party

A

1932

60
Q

How many times did chancellor bruning and hindeburg use article 48 in 1932

A

66 times

61
Q

Why did Nazi votes drop to 28% in November 1932

A

SA violence, worrying voters

62
Q

What happened happened between May and November 1932

A

Bruning replaced by Von Papen as chancellor, (but has little support due to using article 48)
Nazi votes increased to 32% in July, but Hindenburg still doesn’t want to make Hitler Chancellor

63
Q

when is Von Scheichler made chancellor and is he any good?

A

December 1932 he has no support and uses article 48

64
Q

what does Von Papen convince Hindenburg to do?

A

make Papen vice Chancellor and make Hitler Chancellor
give cabinet places to 2 Nazis

65
Q

why does Papen think Hitler can be controlled?

A

Hitler is “sandwiched” between them and a “mouse”

66
Q

When does Hitler become Chancellor?

A

30th January 1933

67
Q

what were two things Hitler promised

A

To destroy the treaty of Versailles and fix the economy

68
Q

How did German propaganda make Hitler appealing?

A

“our last hope” “one leader”

69
Q

What did Hitler come in the 1932 president election?

A

2nd

70
Q

What did Hitler offer to Germans?

A

unity

71
Q

What happened in March 1933 elections and how did Hitler deal with it?

A

44% votes for Nazis, Hitler bans communists
forced reichstag to pass emergency degree

72
Q

What was the national labour service?

A

All young men between the ages 18-25 years had to join for 6 months
Given jobs in public works like building schools,hospitals, and repairing roads

73
Q

What was invisible unemployment?

A

official government figures showed unemployment was falling but did not include jews being forced out of jobs, women being dismissed, unmarried men under 25 doing labour service and opponents of the regime who were sent to concentration camps

74
Q

When was the enabling act?

A

March, 1933

75
Q

What did Hitler use the enabling act to do?

A

ban trade unions
July 1933 ban all political parties, except Nazis
set up his own peoples court
replace local councils with his own government

76
Q

Who controlled Nazi propaganda?

A

Josef Goebbels

77
Q

What groups did propaganda target?

A

Women workers, rich and right wing

78
Q

Explain the role of the gestapo

A

Gustavo set up in 1933, with a Nazi secret police and very feared
they use torture, phone tapping, informers ect on enemies
they had no uniforms
could imprison you without trial over 160,000 arrested for political crimes

79
Q

Explain the SS

A

personal of Hitle
r become intelligence, security and police of 240,000 Aryans under Himmler
nicknamed ‘blackshirts’, ultimate power to get rid of threats

80
Q

What was the night of the long knives?

A

Hitler starts to fear the SA in 1934, orders the arrest of the SA on the niight of the 30th of June 1934
,SS arrests 400 SA leaders, some imprisoned , and others executed.
Hitler agreed to murder keep his powers.

81
Q

When did Hindenburg die?

A

2nd August 1934, within hours Hitler combines role of president and chancellor to create “Fuhrer of the third Reich” and army swears an oath of loyalty

82
Q

What was the German labour front?

A

Hitler banned all trade unions and replaced with DAF - strikes became illegal. Couldn’t ask for higher wages working hours increased.

83
Q

What was ‘Strength through Joy’?

A

Provided workers with leisure activities such as theatre tickets and sports events, 10 million went on these holidays

84
Q

What was the beauty of labour?

A

Campaigned to improve the facilities for workers e.g.better toilets and showers

85
Q

Did the German workers benefit under the Nazis?

A

Yes- more people working, wages increase by 20%, workers got their ‘bread and work’ as promised
No- price of good rose by 20%, working hours increased

86
Q

Explain the six ways that the Nazis used propaganda

A

1) rallies, 1934- 200,000 attended to see thousands of banners, 20,000 Nazi flags and 100 foot Nazi gold eagle
2) film, all films included 45 minute Nazi news
3)culture, the Reich chamber of culture ensured all followed to the Nazi message
4) newspapers, journalists were told what to write and anti-nazi papers were shut down
5) radio, 70% of homes had a Nazi radio
6) events, 1936 Olympics showed Aryan superiority, 33 gold medals and power (stadium biggest in the world)

87
Q

What role did the Gestapo play within the Nazi police state?

A

Secret police spied on Germans tapped phones opened mail jail. Anyone arrested over 160,000 political crimes.

88
Q

What was the peoples court?

A

court with Nazi judges who had swore a loyalty oath to Hitler

89
Q

what was the concordat?

A

1933 Hitler made a truce with the Pope to not interfere with catholisism

90
Q

Did Hitler break the Concord that? If so how?

A

Yes, 1937, 400 Catholics sent to concentration camps, Catholic schools closed and groups banned

91
Q

Describe censorship

A

all anti-Nazi ideas were banned in 1933,
20,000 Jewish and communist books were burnt in the centre of Berlin.
Writers, films, artists could only produce pro Nazi arts
jazz music was banned
anti-nazi jokes were a crime

92
Q

What was the Fuhrer Cult?

A

Showed Hitler as both a superman and man of the people

93
Q

What was the conscription and rearement?

A

Breaking the treaty of versailles
army grew to 1.4 million by 1939
spending on arms went from 3.5 billion to 26 billion

94
Q

What was public works?

A

Nazis plan to build 7000 miles of motorways to improve transport
spent 738 billion marks on schools and hospitals to create jobs

95
Q

What were the results of the nazis work for unemployment

A

nazis announced unemployment had went from 4,800,000 to 300,000 by 1939

96
Q

what were autobhans?

A

1933- motorways, 125000 men employed by 1935

97
Q

What were the changes to German women’s lives in Nazi Germany?

A

1) the mothers cross, rewarded an amount of children, for example 4: bronze medals
2) marriage loan, parents got to keep 250 marks for every child they had
3) Lebensborn, Aryan women ‘donate’ a child to the Furher by getting pregnant from an Aryan SS member
4) abortion and contraception was banned
5) sterilisation law, 1933 non-Aryan women couldn’t have children

98
Q

What were the results of the Nazi policies against women?

A

marriages increased by 21% between 1933 and 39
in 1936 there was over 30% more births than 1933

99
Q

What did the Nazi set up in 1934

A

The German faith movement

100
Q

What changed protestant churches?

A

The Reich church - all protestant churches were under Nazi control.
Bible replaced with mein kampf, swat sticker replaced cross , all old Testament Jewish teachings were removed.

101
Q

Did the Nazi succeed in controlling the church?

A

Unsuccessful, most German practised their religion, secretly

102
Q

Compare Hitler youth for boys versus girls

A

boys- training for the army, brainwashing, marching, camping ,hiking, membership compulsory
girls- preparing them for lives as wives and mothers , had to run 60 m in 14 seconds, cook, sew, iron, must marry an Arian man- 3 Ks Kinder Kuche Kirche

103
Q

What are the aims of the Nazis towards women?

A

stay at home ,look after the family, breed more pure children
Kinder Kuche kirche

104
Q

Was there any church opposition?

A

1934 Confessor churches opposing the Reich church,
6000 pastors joined 800 of them were sent to concentration camps

105
Q

What was Nazi education like?

A

religious studies was stopped, PE was doubled. mein kampf was a textbook, lessons began with a salute ,history books, blamed the Jews, maths taught how to solve economic costs in Germany
teachers had to join the Nazis teachers alliance.

106
Q

Describe concentration camps

A

first one set up in Dachau in 1935 run by SS
by 1939, over 150,000 germans had been sent to them

107
Q

How many people were executed in the peoples court?

A

534, 44 crimes were punishable by death

108
Q

What was the SD?

A

force under Heydrich to monitor Nazi opponents, kept files on everyone suspected of opposing the Nazi party or Hitler

109
Q

what did Pastor Martin Neimeller do?

A

Set up, protestant emergency league to campaign

110
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

walking class youths, resented military style Hitler youth, and lack freedom
wore American style clothing and make up

2000 members compared to 8 million in Hitler youth

111
Q

Who were the Swing Youth?

A

Wealthy families teenagers who admired American culture, listened to jazz and swing, smoke and drank

112
Q

What did the Nuremberg laws of 1935 state

A

Jewish people subject, not citizens, Jewish people banned from having sex with Germans

113
Q

How were homosexuals persecuted?

A

4000 arrested in 1936
over 5000 sent to camps

114
Q

How were gypsies persecuted?

A

German and gypsies could not marry in 1935,
between 1936 and 1939, 35,000 was sent to camps

115
Q

What were the key events of the Nazi persecution of Jews?

A

1933, first of April, Boycott businesses,
1933 Jews, banned from public places
September 1935, Nuremberg laws and Reich law of citizenship
1936, banned from being doctors and lawyers
, 1938, had to register possessions
1938 had ID cards banned from own shops and businesses kicked out of schools and evicted

116
Q

when and what happened on the Kristallnacht

A

9th and 10th of November 1938, Nazis destroy 7500 Jewish businesses, burn 400 synagogues, sent 20,000 Jews to camps
100 Jews were killed ,
jews forced to pay 1 billion for the damage

117
Q

How many Jews fled Germany between 1933 to 39 to flea persecution?

A

250,000

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