Henry VIII GCSE Flashcards
Henry VIII becomes king
1509
Wolsey becomes Cardinal
1515
Wolsey becomes Chancellor
1515
Wolsey becomes Papal Legate
1518
Wolsey is dismissed from his position as Chancellor
1529
Wolsey dies on the way to his trial for treason
1530
Amicable Grant
1525- a new direct tax which requires priests to pay 1/3 of their income and everybody else to pay 1/6 of their income
Why was the amicable grant introduced?
Henry wanted to invade France and reclaim land lost in the 15th century. The money from the amicable grant would help fund this
Why was the amicable grant controversial?
It had not been approved by parliament and was being collected by royal decree. People only had 10 weeks to pay
Short term consequences of the amicable grant
Many people refused to pay the tax. A rebellion broke out in Suffolk. The tax was abandoned. Henry postponed the invasion and made peace with the french king
Long term consequences of the amicable grant
Wolsey was humiliated and his reputation badly damaged. Wolsey was unable to raise any further taxes. Henry began to doubt Wolsey’s judgement. Henry looked weak
The Eltham Ordinances
1526- cutting spending on meals/servants, laying off sick/unneeded servants, reducing the amount paid to people for expenses, reducing the size of the privy chamber
Why weren’t the Eltham Ordinances very successful?
Wolsey lost interest once he had reduced the size of the privy council
Enclosures
Fences dividing land into fields that were often used to graze sheep, allowing landowners to make money through the wool trade. This reduced the land available to tenant farmers and the general poor
Wolsey set up an inquiry into enclosures
1517- resulted in court cases against landowners and made him very unpopular but did not limit the practise of enclosures
Wolsey and the justice system
Strengthened the star chamber, encouraged the poor to bring cases to court, supported the poor against the rich, oversaw cases himself, increased the poor’s work rate
Treaty of Bruges
1521- Wolsey negotiated an alliance with Charles V against France. It was agreed that Henry would not send an army to France until 1522
Treaty of More
1525- Henry gave up his claim to the French throne in return for annual payment from France
The Battle of Pavia
1525- Charles defeated and captured Francis
Campaigns in France and Scotland
1512-1513
The Battle of Flodden
1513- The Scots invaded the north of england but were defeated by the Earl of Surrey who gathered an army in Henry’s absence. The Scottish king and many nobles were killed
Treaty of London
1518- 20 countries agreed not to attack each other and if they did so, the other countries in the treaty would come together and counterattack
The Field of the Cloth of Gold
1520- a conference outside Calais between Henry and Francis, so called because the French wove gold into their tents, armour and clothes. They spent a fortnight feasting and jousting.
Treaty of Westminster
1527- Francis and Henry signed agreeing to fight Charles if he did not behave peacefully
Battle of Ladriano
1529- Charles defeats Francis and establishes his control over Italy and, therefore, the Pope
Henry’s aims in foreign policy
Increase English power, conquer France, increase wealth, defend throne
War with France
1522-25
Henry’s Leviticus argument for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine
“If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity”
Opponents of the reformation
Elizabeth Barton, Cardinal Fisher, Thomas More all refused to take the oaths of succession and supremacy
Act in restraint of appeals to Rome
1533- Nobody could appeal to the pope against a decision made by the king
Act of succession
1534- Everybody had to declare support for Henry’s marriage to Anne
Act of supremacy
1534- Stating that Henry was “supreme head of the church of England”
Treason Act
1534- List of crimes that counted as treason and were punishable by death. Saying/doing/thinking anything problematic
Henry fell from his horse, potentially suffering brain damage
1536
Cromwell became Henry’s chief minister
1534
Cromwell’s financial reforms
Established the court of augmentations to handle the money from the dissolution of the monasteries. Sold off monastery land to nobles. If a landowner died while their heir was underage, the crown looked after the estate until they came of age
Cromwell’s governmental reforms
Forced the house of commons to vote for the first time. Cromwell interfered with elections. If members of the house of lords disagreed with royal policy they were informed they “need not attend”. Cromwell wrote pamphlets outlining new laws
The House of Commons voted for the first time
1532
Cromwell’s judicial reforms
Liberties were abolished. Right of sanctuary for serious crimes was abolished
Liberties were abolished
1536
Sanctuary was abolished for serious crimes (Rape/Murder)
1540
Cromwell’s reforms for Royal power
A permanent military force established in Ireland but no further control was attempted. English laws replaced welsh laws in wales. Reorganised the council of the north and gave greater responsibility for law and order
Act of Union
1536- Stated that English laws replaced welsh ones
Cromwell’s reform to the Royal council
The Privy council was set up. 20 permanent advisers with training in law or administration
Anne of Cleves and Henry married
1540
Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled
1540
Cromwell was executed
1540
Valor Ecclesiasticus
1535- A survey conducted by Cromwell to identify the worth of the church
Cromwell’s visitations
Layton and Leigh were sent to determine whether monks/nuns were living in line with the rules of St Benedict
Act of the dissolution of the lesser monasteries
1536- Monasteries with a worth less than £200 a year were closed down
Pilgrimage of Grace
1536- 40,000 Northern Rebels defending their catholic faith
Voluntary dissolution of the larger monasteries
1538-40- Some monasteries surrendered, closing down “voluntarily” influenced by pressure from Cromwell’s men
Second act of the dissolution of the monasteries
1539- all remaining monasteries were closed
Why did the pilgrimage of grace fail ?
They went home very quickly, no attacks were made, they were double crossed by the duke of norfolk, loyalty to henry, ringleaders were executed
Religious motives for the pilgrimage of grace
dissolution of the monasteries, spread of Protestantism, loyalty to the pope
Economic motives for the pilgrimage of grace
taxes were too high, sheep/cattle tax, inheritance tax, food shortages
Political motives for the pilgrimage of grace
dislike of cromwell, dislike of low birth counsellors, they wanted mary as queen not elizabeth
leader of the pilgrimage of grace
robert aske
The act of ten articles
1536- said that the only three sacraments that were important were baptism, the eucharist and penance for sins
1st Royal injunctions to the clergy
1536- priests were instructed to discourage pilgrimages; the number of holy days was reduced
2nd Royal injunctions to the clergy
1538- there should be an english bible in every church
-shrines of saints should be destroyed
-saints’ relics should be removed and all money donated was confiscated by the king
-parishes were to keep a record of all baptisms, marriages and deaths
Act of six articles
1539- confirmed belief in transubtantiation and purgatory. all priests had to remain celibate