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Weimar G (1918-33) Flashcards

1
Q

as a result of WW1, the Mark declined in value by ___

A
  • as a result of WW1, the Mark declined in value by 75%
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2
Q

as a result of WW1, living standards fell by ____

A
  • as a result of WW1, living standards fell by 20-30%
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3
Q

from WW1, _____ injured and _____ killed

A
  • from WW1, 6.3 million injured and 2 million killed
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4
Q

under the _____ _____, all men and women over __ years of age can vote

A
  • under the Weimar constitution, all men and women over 20 years of age can vote
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5
Q

in the Reichstag, parties get __ ____ for every ______ votes cast for them

A
  • in the Reichstag, parties get 1 seat for every 60,000 votes cast for them
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6
Q

Under Article __, the ______ can rule via presidential decree in the event of an emergency

A
  • Under Article 48, the president can rule via presidential decree in the event of an emergency
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7
Q

Huge _____ in _____ showed the extent of people’s discontent over the silent dictatorship

A
  • Huge strikes in 1917-18 showed the extent of people’s discontent over the silent dictatorship
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8
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed

A
  • June 28th 1919
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9
Q

By ____, about __% of the German population were receiving Govt welfare payments

A
  • By 1924, about 10% of the German population were receiving Govt welfare payments
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10
Q

by ____, __% of money was borrowed to pay reparations

A
  • by 1918, 85% of money was borrowed to pay reparations
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11
Q

German exports rose by __% in _____

A
  • German exports rose by 40% in 1925-29
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12
Q

____ rose every year in ______

A
  • wages rose every year in 1924-29
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13
Q

_____: german unemployment was over _ million

A
  • 1932: german unemployment was over 6 million
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14
Q

in ______, there were ____ political assassinations - of which __ were punished

A
  • in 1919-22, there were 376 political assassinations - of which 50 were punished
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15
Q

____: almost __% of people voted for pro-Weimar parties, compared to __% for the NSDAP (Nazis)

A
  • 1928: almost 80% of people voted for pro-Weimar parties, compared to 2.6% for the NSDAP (Nazis)
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16
Q

____: __% of Uni students were working class

A
  • 1928: 2.3% of Uni students were working class
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17
Q

when was the Sparticist Uprising

A
  • January 1919
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18
Q

when was the Kapp Putsch

A
  • March 1920
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19
Q

When was the Munich Putsch

A
  • November 1923
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20
Q

the membership of the Nazi Party had grown in ____ from _____ to _____ members

A
  • The membership of the Nazi Party had grown in 1923 from 6,000 to 55,000 members
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21
Q

how long was Hitler in prison for

A
  • 9 months
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22
Q

When was the wall street crash

A
  • October 1929
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23
Q
  • 1928: __% of people voted for anti-democratic parties
A
  • 1928: 27% of people voted for anti-democratic parties
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24
Q

there were _ governments between ____

A
  • There were 7 governments between 1923-29
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25
Q

Following the wall street crash, industrial production declined by __%

A
  • Following the wall street crash, industrial production declined by 40%
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26
Q

Article ___: _____ is an equal union & women are able to enter _____ professions

A
  • Article 109: marriage is an equal union & women are able to enter legal professions
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27
Q
  • Over ____ female doctors were employed in ____, this doubled by ____
A
  • Over 2,500 female doctors were employed in 1925, this doubled by 1933
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28
Q
  • _____: approximately ___ mixed race children were born and were denounced as “______ _____’’
A
  • 1923: approximately 500 mixed race children were born and were denounced as “Germany’s shame’’
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29
Q

_____ _____ soldiers fought for the German army in WW1

A
  • 85,000 Jewish soldiers fought for the German army in WW1
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30
Q

_____ Germans owned a radio by _____

A
  • 1 in 4 Germans owned a radio by 1932
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31
Q

Name 3 examples of films in Weimar Germany

A
  • Metropolis, 1926
  • Gold Rush, 1925
  • Blue Angel, 1930
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32
Q

Education was compulsory until ___

A

14

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33
Q

In 1931, how many faith schools were there (protestant, catholic, Jewish)

A
  • 30,000 Protestant schools,
  • 15,000 Catholic schools
  • 100 Jewish schools
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34
Q

outline the Stinnnes-Legion agreement

A
  • signed Nov 1918
  • between labourers (trade unions) and capitalists (industrialists)
  • Weimar Govt offered legislation on work hours + union representation in the workplace
  • was in return for TUs to not interfere with private ownership
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35
Q

outline the Ebert-Groener pact

A
  • signed Nov 1918
  • was an alliance between the Reischwehr (German army) and Ebert
  • army agreed to support the Weimar Govt so long as it opposed left wing ideas of parties in the Reichstag
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36
Q

name 2 left wing uprisings

A

communist takeovers attempted in;
- Bavaria in 1919
- Saxony + Thuringia in 1923

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37
Q

women had _____ seats in the Reichstag during _____-__

A
  • women had 112 seats in the Reichstag during 1919-32
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38
Q

under the ________ Government, women were paid ___% less than men in office work

A
  • under the Weimar Government, women were paid 33% less than men in office work
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39
Q

name the 3 types of education for 10+ children

A
  • Hauptschule
  • Realschule
  • Gymnasium
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40
Q

the ______ was introduced by Stresemann in ____

A
  • the Rentenmark was introduced by Stresemann in 1923
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41
Q

by _____, _ trillion German marks are needed to buy $1

A
  • by 1923, 4.2 trillion German marks are needed to buy $1
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42
Q

the percent of people voting for pro-democratic parties halved from ___% in the ____ election, to ___% in the ____ election

A
  • the percent of people voting for pro-democratic parties halved from 80% in the 1919 election, to 45% in the 1920 election
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43
Q

what was article 113

A
  • article 113: foreign languages can be spoken
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44
Q

what was the SPD

A
  • Social Democratic Party
  • left leaning
  • was the largest party in the Reichstag from 1919-29
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45
Q

outline the ‘stab in the back’ myth

A
  • the right wing myth coined by military general Hindenburg in Nov 1919
  • said that Germany could’ve won WW1 but were ‘stabbed in the back’ by the Govt sigining the armistice
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46
Q

what was the economic impact of WW1 on Germany

A
  • money was printed - led to inflation
  • mark declined in value by 75%
  • agriculture wasn’t effectively mobilised - caused food shortages
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47
Q

what was the social impact of WW1 on Germany

A
  • low living standards
  • food + fuel shortages
  • many soldiers injured + killed - low morale
  • workers strikes due to poor social + political situation
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48
Q

what was the political impact of WW1 on Germany

A
  • govt became more authoritarian
  • silent dictatorship - military leaders took control of country (Hindenburg + Ludendorff)
  • Govt polarised - extreme left + right
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49
Q

what was the impact of impending defeat on Germany

A
  • was a shock to Germans
  • led to stab in the back myth
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50
Q

why did Imperial Germany collapse in Nov 1918

A
  • growing WC became unhappy with the conservative political system of the Second Reich/ power of the Kaiser
  • in the final months of WW1 the German army became overstretched+ exhausted - defeat was likely
  • WW1 had left Germany in a poor social/ econ/ political situation - Germany had become more divided
  • fearing a violent revolution, and with political parties calling for a democratic republic, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
  • Ebert, leader of SPD, was appointed as leader - his first action was to sign an armistice, ending the war
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51
Q

what happened on Nov 9th 1918

A
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
  • imperial Germany ends, a new German Republic starts
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52
Q

when was WW1 armistice signed

A
  • Nov 11th 1918
  • the new Govt signed an armistice w/ Allies, ending WW1 - accused for being unpatriotic for their lack of faith in the nation
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53
Q

what was the structure of the Weimar Constitution (in order)

A

1) president
2) chancellor
3) the cabinet (ministers)
4) Reichstag
5) Reichsrat
6) Lander
7) electors

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54
Q

outline the role of the president in the Weimar constitution

A
  • head of state + armed forces
  • elected by a vote of all electors every 7 years
  • chooses + appoints chancellor - but requires support of Reichstag
  • article 48: has emergency powers to rule via presidential decree in emergencies
  • has the power to dismiss the Reichstag + call new elections
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55
Q

outline the role of the chancellor in the Weimar constitution

A
  • head of Government
  • chooses his ministers
  • wit ministers, puts laws to the Reichstag
  • needs a majority in Reichstag to pass laws
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56
Q

outline the role of the cabinet (ministers) in the Weimar constitution

A
  • give advice + administers laws
  • chosen by chancellor
  • forms laws to pass to the Reichstag for a vote
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57
Q

outline the role of the Reichstag in the Weimar constitution

A
  • elected by a secret ballot from electors every 4 years
  • votes cast are for a party not a person
  • proportional representation; PLT seats are given in proportion to the percentage of votes received - e.g. 10% of votes receives 10% of the seats
  • passes the laws of the country
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58
Q

outline the role of the Reichsrat in the Weimar constitution

A
  • members sent by the 18 lander
  • can veto (reject) a law passed by the Reichstag, UNLESS the Reichstag law has a 2/3 majority
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59
Q

outline the role of the lander in the Weimar constitution

A
  • 18 local regions of which have a local Parliament
  • runs its own areas education, policy, judiciary
  • federal law overrules the laws of the Lander if they conflict
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60
Q

outline the role of the electors in the Weimar constitution

A
  • consists of all men + women over 20 years of age
  • individual rights for all are granted under a new Bill of Rights
  • it allows personal liberty, free speech, forbids censorship, equality + religious freedom
  • it also provides a range of social rights - e.g. welfare
  • electors elect the Reichstag + President
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61
Q

what was the voter ratio for passing the Weimar Constitution in 1919

A
  • 262 votes for
  • 75 votes against
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62
Q

what are the strengths and limitations of proportional representation

A
  • strengths: democratic, all parties can have a say
  • limitations, extremist parties are able to get into Reichstag, can become disorganised due to amount of different views, 1 party cant form a stable Govt
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63
Q

outline the relationship between the president and the Reichstag

A
  • Article 48 provides the president with the authority to suspend civil rights and also rule by decree in emergencies (passing laws w/o Reichstag)
  • the president had the right to dissolve/ dismiss the Reichstag
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64
Q

how can the relationship between the president and the Reichstag pose a challenge to the Weimar Govt

A
  • can cause corruption within the Reichstag as they’ll have to conform to the presidents views
  • president is given a lot of power - could behave like an autocrat
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65
Q

outline the continuity of traditional institutions

A
  • the Weimar govt made no attempt to reform the traditional right wing institutions of the Second Reich
  • the judiciary favoured the extreme right over left
  • the army enjoyed great status + didn’t favour the republic
  • universities were more sympathetic to old political ideas
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66
Q

define diktat

A
  • diktat = a dictated peace - a harsh settlement imposed on a defeated nation
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67
Q

what were the 4 sections of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • reparations
  • land
  • military
  • blame
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68
Q

outline the reparations aspect of the treaty of Versailles

A
  • Germany owed £6.6 billion gold marks to Allies
  • this was eventually decreased to £6,600 million in 1921
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69
Q

outline the land aspect of the treaty of Versailles

A
  • Alsace + Lorraine returned to France
  • all German colonies given to Britain + France
  • no Anschluss with Austria
  • Poland given the polish corridor
  • the Saarland placed under control of League of Nations
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70
Q

outline the military aspect of the treaty of Versailles

A
  • only allowed 100,000 soldiers
  • rhineland demilitarised
  • no German air force
  • navy reduced to 6 battleships + no submarines
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71
Q

what are the 5 causes of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic

A
  • response of Weimar Govt to ToV
  • the French invasion of the Ruhr
  • Weimar govt response to FIoR
  • economic impact of WW1
  • Tov
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72
Q

outline the Govt response to the Tov as a cause for hyperinflation

A
  • German govt tried to pay reparations by borrowing + printing money
  • this made inflation worse + declined the value of the Mark
  • in 1922, govt tried to pause reparation payments but were refused permission
  • by early 1923, German govt failed to pay reparations and French gov invaded the Ruhr
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73
Q

outline the French Invasion of the Ruhr as a cause for hyperinflation

A
  • took place in 11th Jan 1923
  • French + Belgian govt responded to Germany’s failure to pay reparations by invading the Ruhr, a key industrial German region
  • their armies seized raw materials + goods that matched the value of owed reparations
74
Q

outline the economic impact of WW1 as a cause for hyperinflation

A
  • G financed cost of WW1 by printing money - leading to declining value of mark (inflation)
  • post war, Govt spending was still high as they had to support war widows, injured + demobilised veterans with welfare etc
  • the Weimar constitution made social security a right so they had to support the unemployed
75
Q

outline the Tov as a cause for hyperinflation

A
  • ToV asked £6.6 billion starting from 1921
  • reparations had to be paid for in gold, meaning it held its value against the declining German currency (mark)
  • Gov felt pressured to resort to printing money which led to hyperinflation
  • as the value of the mark decreased due to printing money, paying for reparations became even more expensive
76
Q

outline the Govt response to the French invasion of R as a cause for hyperinflation

A
  • G govt stopped all reparation payments to France + ordered all Ruhr/ German workers + business owners to follow passive resistance (working slowly, strikes, sabotage)
  • Govt paid the wages of all striking workers + compensated owners
  • they also had to import stocks of fuel - adding to debt
  • to meet spending obligations, they printed more money
77
Q

outline the blame aspect of the treaty of Versailles

A
  • Germany had to accept all liability for WW1 in Article 231
78
Q

outline the hyperinflation crisis

A
  • 1923-24
  • German inflation ran out of control after the Ruhr crisis as confidence in the German currency diminished - the mark was worthless
  • by autumn 1923, it cost more to print a bank note than its worth
  • Germans resorted to the black market to exchange goods
  • pensioners + those on fixed incomes + savings lost them
  • debtors benefitted as they could pay it off
79
Q

who were the Friekorps

A
  • private, paramilitary groups made up of former WW1 soldiers
  • these groups were often strongly nationalist + linked to RW extremist groups
80
Q

which 3 groups did the WG need their support + how was this achieved

A
  • army/ military: Ebert-Groener agreement
  • judiciary: they didn’t seek their support - didn’t reform them + remained a traditional institution
  • trade unions: stinnes legion agreement
81
Q

what was the voter ratio for pro + anti constitution (democratic) parties in 1919

A

1919:
- pro-constitution parties: 80%
- anti-constitution parties: 18%

82
Q

what was the pattern of the voter ratio for pro + anti constitution (democratic) parties from 1920-28

A
  • support for pro-constitution parties consistently remained higher than the latter, at in the high 50%
  • anti-constitution parties still had moderate support, remaining in the 30%, with its lowest in this period being in 1928 with 27%
83
Q

outline the Sparticist Uprising

A
  • Jan 1919
  • led by the KPD (LW Communists)
  • after Eichorn’s dismissal from the Police, he called for a demonstration in Berlin
  • Jan 6th: thousands of armed workers took over Berlin buildings + offices - e.g. train stations
  • the KPD + USPD leaders called for a general strike - half a million workers responded to
83
Q

why did the sparticist group oppose the Weimar republic

A
  • the uprising was a result of the power struggle between the KPD + SPD
  • Jan 4th: the WG dismissed a popular police chief, Eichorn, who was a radical USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party) member - this brought the govt into open conflict with the workers’ councils + unions, thus triggering the Sparticist Uprising
84
Q

how did the WG overcome the Sparticist Uprising Jan 1919

A
  • WG hired the Freikorps to put down the rebellion - they quickly reconquered the buildings and the rebels surrendered
  • 156 civilians + 17 Freikorps died
  • the Sparticist leaders, Rosa Luxemburg + Karl Liebknecht were executed on Jan 15th 1919
84
Q

outline the Kapp Putsch

A
  • March 1920
  • an attempt from Wolfgang Kapp + Freikorp leaders to overthrow the WG - supported by Ludendorff (WW1 military general)
  • March 12th: took over Berlin - WG fled. the leaders proclaimed themselves the new Govt + said the W constitution was no longer in force
85
Q

why did the Kapp Putsch group oppose the Weimar republic

A
  • Kapp+ the paramilitary groups aimed to restore the empire + overturn the ToV
  • they wanted a strong, authoritarian Govt that would return Germany back to its old imperial system
86
Q

how did the WG overcome the Kapp Putsch Mar 1920

A
  • Nov 15th 1918: the Ebert-Groener agreement which resulted in majority of soldiers not joining in with the Kapp Putsch - however they wouldn’t fight the RW rebels
  • trade unions called a general strike (brought Berlin to a standstill) - demanding an end to the Putsch attempt + a govt under the SPD
  • after 4 days of strikes, the Kapp govt fell
87
Q

outline the Communist Uprisings 1919-1922

A
  • in early years of Weimar rule, Communist govts were set up in Bavaria (Jan 1919), Ruhr (Mar 1920), and in Saxony (1921) + Thuringia (1922) in attempts to takeover the regions
88
Q

why did the Communists oppose the Weimar republic

A
  • their involvement in the Tov
  • the capitalist society it promoted
  • the right wing nature of Gov + other institutions
88
Q

how did the WG overcome the Communist Uprisings 1919-1922

A
  • the Communist govts didn’t have enough popular support + were put down by the Reichswehr using a system of Reichsexekution (intervention of military)
  • Nov 1918, Ebert signed the Ebert-Groener Pact (army’s support if LW ideas were opposed in Reichstag)
89
Q

define Reichsexekution

A
  • Reichsexekution = the removal of a local Gov which threatened the WG
  • this meant putting in place a military Govt to restore order
89
Q

outline political assassinations

A
  • between Jan 1919-Jun 1922
  • there were a total of 376 political assassinations
  • carried out by anti-Weimar paramilitary groups
  • RW extremist organisations, such as the Organisation Consul, carried out 354 assassinations - e.g. murder of prominent politicians such as Walther Rathenau (Jewish)
90
Q

why did the RW political assassinators oppose the Weimar Republic

A
  • their involvement in the ToV
  • their liberal + democratic values
  • its failure to produce a strong + decisive govt + leader
  • the organisation consul was formed by members of a Freikorp unit that was disbanded after their involvement in the Kapp Putsch
91
Q

how did the WG overcome the Political Assassinations 1919-22

A
  • those involved in the murders were trialled under the judicial system
  • only 28 of the 354 RW murders committed were punished
  • 10 death sentences, 3 life sentences + a total 250 years in prison were given
92
Q

outline the Munich Putsch****

A
  • Nov 1923
  • Hitler + the NSDAP launched a takeover of Germany
  • 8th Nov: the SA surrounded a meeting in a beer hall - here Hitler announced the Bavarian Govt had been overthrown + he and Ludendorff were forming a new Govt
92
Q

in 1923, Nazi membership had increased from _ to _ - gave H confidence for the _ _

A
  • in 1923, Nazi membership had increased from 6,000 to 55,000 - gave H confidence for the Munich Putsch
92
Q

why did Hitler/ NSDAP oppose the WG in their Munich Putsch

A
  • they took advantage of the WG’s weakness, vulnerability + unpopularity - e.g. the Govt had to declare a state of emergency in Sept1923 due to disturbances in Ruhr + Berlin
  • with Ludendorff’s support, Hitler was confident the army would follow in a rebellion
  • the membership of the Nazi party had grown (6,000 to 55,000)
  • in 1922, Mussolini seized control of the Govt through his march on Rome - H was inspired
92
Q

how did the Weimar Govt overcome the Munich Putsch 1923

A
  • H’s political prisoners escaped + organised a resistance to the Putsch
  • Nov 9th: Nazis were defeated + captured by the police
  • H was trialled for treason + received 5 years in prison - H was released 9 months later
  • NSDAP was disbanded for 5 years
92
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve the worthless currency in 1923

A
  • successes: inflation was quickly brought under control, restored faith in G currency, prices settled
  • failures: those who lost savings due to hyperinflation weren’t compensated - blamed Weimar govt for their losses
92
Q

how did Stresemann attempt to solve the issue of Germany’s worthless currency in 1923

A
  • withdrew the Mark and created the Rentenmark - later replaced by the Reichmark
  • old bank notes were recalled + destroyed
  • 1 Rentenmark = 1,000 Billion Marks
  • this allowed the new currency to hold its value due to its tie to its gold value
92
Q

how did Stresemann attempt to solve the issue of Germany’s international isolation in 1923

A
  • made foreign negotiations - e.g. Dawes plan, Young plan
  • called off passive resistance in the Ruhr
  • admitted into the League of Nations
92
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve international isolation in 1923

A
  • successes: other countries were more likely to lend + make trade agreements
  • failures: G economy remained fragile, became reliant on the US econ (brought future difficulties), unemployment remained at 1 million + began to rise after 1928
92
Q

how did Stresemann attempt to solve the issue of small businesses collapsing in 1923

A
  • encouraged cartels (businesses joining together to try control the market)
  • e.g. Stahlwerke combined the coal, iron, and steel interests of Germany’s smaller businesses + controlled nearly half of all production
92
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve small businesses collapsing in 1923

A
  • successes: factories were rebuilt, the chemical industry was producing 1/3 more in 1925 than in 1913
  • failures: strikes + lockouts (employers blocking work) were common, industrial disputes between workers + owners
93
Q

how did Stresemann attempt to solve the issue of damaged trade in 1923

A
  • to recover trade: Germany joined the League of Nations
  • international agreements set up to restore G’s status - e.g. the Locarno treaty
94
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve damaged trade in 1923

A
  • successes: G exports rose by 40% between 1925-29, G exports were back to their pre war levels of 10 billion Marks by 1926
  • failures: the value of imports always exceeded that of exports (weren’t balanced), G exports continued to be hindered by tariffs
94
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve farmers in debt in 1923

A
  • successes: farming remained a significant employer in the 1920s, there was investment in new machinery
  • failures: late 1920s; farmer’s income was 44% below the national avg
95
Q

how did Stresemann attempt to solve the issue of high govt spending in 1923

A
  • G borrowed money so was dependent on loans from other countries
  • heavy spending on social welfare
96
Q

what were the positive effects of Stresemann/ Germany’s domestic policies during the Golden Years

A
  • increase political stability: no Putsch’s/ political assassination attempts between 1924-29
  • increased acceptance of democracy: the support for extremist/ anti-constitution parties declined, support for pro-constitution parties increased
  • creation of a Grand Coalition: formed in 1928, this was a coalition of the left, right + centre and commanded a secure majority (over 60%) of the Reichstag
  • Hindenburg: president Hindenburg upheld the constitution + chose an SPD chancellor - despite his authoritarian past/ anti-socialism
96
Q

outline the successes + limitations of Stresemann’s actions to solve high govt spending in 1923

A
  • successes: Govt had their own bank which helped business as long as the Govt was lending them money
  • failures: Germans didn’t accept tax rises, G had to borrow more money, industrial disputes were common - drove down wages + productivity, econ recovery was built on foreign loans + Govt support
96
Q

what were the ‘Golden Years’?

A
  • 1924-29
  • was a period of economic prosper, peaceful foreign relations
  • was largely due to the domestic, economic and foreign polices implemented by Stresemann
97
Q

between -, there were no putsch/ assassination attempts

A
  • between 1924-29, there were no putsch/ assassination attempts
98
Q

state evidence for increased support of democracy in the Golden Years (1924-28)

A
  • NSDAP only gained 2.6% of the votes in 1928
  • 57.7% voted for pro-constitution parties in 1928
98
Q

what were the negative features of Stresemann/ Germany’s domestic policies during the Golden Years

A
  • unstable coalition govt: was unstable - there were 7 different govts between 1923-29, some govts didn’t have a majority in the Reichstag, political parties didn’t work well together - SPD were reluctant to cooperate with other parties
  • extremism: support for extremists had reduced but it remained worryingly high - over 1/4 of people voted for anti-democratic parties in 1928
  • growing dislike of democracy: election turn out declined in mid-20s compared to in 1919-20
99
Q

outline the positive features of Stresemann’s foreign policy

A
  • S began reparation payments again which enabled S to renegotiate reparations + gain foreign loans + investments through the Dawes Plan (1924) and Young Plan (1929)
  • the Dawes Plan led to improved relations between France + Germany, French evacuating the Ruhr in 1925, and G joining the League of Nations in 1925
100
Q

outline the negative features of Stresemann’s foreign policy

A
  • nationalist right wingers were opposed to the acceptance of the ToV that Germanys involvement in the international community implied
  • the Dawes Plan was dangerously dependent on American loans - to break out of Germany’s hyperinflation, S had put G’s future dependent on forces out of its control
100
Q

outline the Dawes Plan

A
  • implemented in 1924
  • annual reparation payments reduced to paying 1 billion marks annually for the first 5 years, and 2.5 billion after that
  • G was loaned 800 million marks from the USA
101
Q

outline the Wall Street Crash

A
  • in 1929, there was a stock market crash and the American economy collapsed
  • American stopped foreign lending, recalled loans from abroad - including Germany - who was very dependent on US loans + foreign trade
102
Q

outline the Young Plan

A
  • implemented in 1929
  • reduced total loans to $29 billion payable over 58 years
103
Q

outline the Locarno Treaty

A
  • signed 1925
  • recognised Germany’s borders stipulated in the ToV
  • Allies agreed to withdraw their troops from the Rhineland in 1930
  • was agreed between countries that international disputes would be resolved peacefully
104
Q

outline the effect of the Wall Street Crash on Germany

A
  • German businesses (who were reliant on bank loans) didn’t have enough money to pay their workers
  • unemployment increased, G people had less money, and demand for consumer goods dropped
  • less demand led to fewer businesses selling goods, thus they laid off workers
  • suppliers + businesses struggled to pay off their loans from banks and went bankrupt
  • unemployment led to many losing their homes as they couldn’t afford them anymore
  • many banks also collapsed and people lost their savings + money
  • the German economy spiralled into an economic depression
105
Q

in _ , _ major banks went bankrupt - e.g. _ Bank

A
  • in 1931, 5 major banks went bankrupt - e.g. Danat Bank
106
Q

the number of those unemployed rose to _ million by _

A
  • the number of those unemployed rose to 6 million by 1932
106
Q

during the _ _ (Great Depression) election campaign, there were _ riots in Prussia, many involved the SA

A
  • during the July 1932 (Great Depression) election campaign, there were 461 riots in Prussia, many involved the SA
107
Q

the national income shrunk by _%

A
  • the national income shrunk by 40%
108
Q

what was a positive of the economic depression for Germany

A
  • as Germany’s depression deepened, it was clear to other countries that it wouldn’t be able to meet reparation payments or repay loans
  • in July 1931, the Hoover Moratium/ US President Hoover suspended war payment loans for a year
  • this freed up money for the govt to spend on solving the econ depression - but still wasn’t enough - e.g. only modest work schemes
108
Q

outline Chancellor Bruning’s policies to manage the economic depression (1929-32)

A

policy of deflation:
- he reduced the prices of goods + services to reduce govt spending
- he though that if state income declined, state expenditure also had to be cut
- using an emergency decree, he cut wages, taxes and rent
- Bruning’s policies depended the recession between 1930-32 as industrial production fell, prices fell and exports all fell by 50%
- Bruning was known as the ‘hungry Chancellor’

109
Q

outline Chancellor Von Papen’s policies to manage the economic depression (1929-32)

A
  • in May 1932, Von Papen introduced some tax concessions (discounts) + subsidies (financial support) for businesses that created new jobs + helped to improve the economy
  • however by this point, the Govt was caught in political problems which made it harder to focus on the economy + produce coherent policies
110
Q

what was the political impact of the Great Depression

A
  • the Grand Coalition Govt led by Muller fell apart in 1930 due to disagreements over how to overcome the economic depression
  • the German political system became more authoritarian
  • there were 4 chancellors + elections during the Great Depression
  • increased political violence
  • support for pro-constitution parties decreased
  • increased support for extremist parties - e.g. National Socialists, German Communist Party
111
Q

what was the voter ration for pro and anti-constitution parties for the November 1932 election

A
  • pro-constitution: 35%
  • anti-constitution: 58%
111
Q

outline the overall success of Stresemann’s foreign policies in the Golden Years (1924-28)

A
  • Stresemann did reintegrate G into Europe through his polices as G joined the League of Nation in 1925
  • however, Germany’s dependency on US loans was a weakness
112
Q

how did the Nazi party rise to popularity

A
  • took advantage of the economic depression - e.g. H promised ‘work and bread’
  • H took advantage of people’s fear of communism - Germans would rather of had a far right than a communist leader
  • H promised to overturn the ToV
  • H learned to take power legally from his 1923 Munich Putsch
  • he was a skilled + charismatic orator + leader who acted on his promises
  • H became Fuhrer when Hindenburg died
113
Q

outline the overall success of Stresemann’s domestic policies in the Golden Years (1924-28)

A
  • Stresemann did partially achieve political stability in Germany as there were no putsch’s/ political assassination attempts between 1924-49
  • however, there still wasn’t a stable coalition govt
113
Q

what were the 3 key factors for why Weimar Germany collapsed in 1929-32

A
  • impact of the Wall Street Crash + the depression
  • actions of the Weimar Government
  • actions of the Nazi party
113
Q

how did the WG respond the the Wall Street Crash

A
  • the Grand Coalition disagreed over how to respond to the rising unemployment
  • as a result no effective policies were implemented by the govt leading to further unemployment, homelessness, bank + businesses collapsing etc
113
Q

outline the collapse of Muller’s Grand Coalition Govt

A
  • collapsed in March 1930
  • was due to the SPD not being able to work with opposition parties and so efficient coalitions were nearly impossible to form
  • this was the key factor in the slide from democracy to authoritarianism
114
Q

what were the 3 key themes of the Nazi’s

A
  • the Fuhrer cult: H was portrayed as Germanys saviour, the man who could rescue G from the grip of depression
  • Volksgemeinschaft (peoples community): the idea that Nazis would create 1 German community that would make Religion or social class less relevant to people
  • scapegoating the Jews: (and others) for issues. Jews were often portrayed as sub-human, or as a threat to both the racial purity/ economic future of G
114
Q

there were _ uses of the emergency decree in _ using Article 48 compared to _ uses in _ - G govt was becoming more authoritarian

A
  • there were 44 uses of the emergency decree in 1931 using Article 48 compared to 5 uses in 1930
  • this showed the inefficiency of the coalition govts to pass laws + that the govt was becoming more authoritarian
115
Q

what did H do in Feb 1932

A
  • on the 26th of Feb 1932, Hitler officially became a German citizen, allowing him to take the position of chancellor or President
116
Q

what did Joseph Goebbels do to boost Hitlers image

A
  • in 1932 he used modern tech such as radios + aeroplanes to fly H from region to region to campaign
  • H came out of this as a credible political leader
  • he created an image of H as a strong, decisive leader known as the ‘Hitler Myth’
  • the Nazis were the only party to have increased support from all social classes
116
Q

what happened in Nov 1932

A
  • Hindenburg called another election in which Von Schliecher became the new chancellor by replacing Von Papen
  • the Nazis share of vote fell by 4% whilst the KPD vote rose to 6 million - increased peoples fear of communism
117
Q

outline the result of the July 1932 election

A
  • Nazis secured 37% of the vote - making them the majority in the Reichstag
  • Von Papen was made chancellor by president Hindenburg - Hitler was offered vice chancellorship, but he refused
117
Q

by December _, there were over _ members of the SA who had been used to create chaos in elections

A
  • by December 1932, there were over 170,000 members of the SA who had been used to create chaos in elections
117
Q

what happened in Jan 1933

A
  • Hitler was made chancellor by Von Papen + Hindenburg as they thought they could control him - e.g. Papen wanted to use H to give his own govt legitimacy
  • the conservative elites wanted to use H/ the Nazi party to continue governing in an authoritarian manner + ward off the Communist threat
118
Q

what were the Weimar Republics long term weaknesses

A
  • it was born out of a war that they lost - democracy was forced
  • their constitution was weak
  • the Treaty of Versailles - caused resentment amongst many + long term economic issues
118
Q

outline art in Weimar Germany

A
  • New Objectivity was the main artistic movement
  • artists aimed to comment on the political + social state of society
  • famous artists: Otto Dix, Georg Grosz (‘Pillars of Society’)
118
Q

outline architecture/ design in Weimar Germany

A
  • the Bauhaus design by Walter Gropius was popular
  • Bauhaus was functional and simple - it emphasised the link between art and technology
119
Q

outline theatre in Weimar Germany

A
  • New Objectivity/ Zeittheater was a popular movement
  • Brecht and Piscator used innovative techniques + controversial methods to portray characters
  • The Threepenny Opera (1928) by Brecht gave a LW critique of the Capitalist world
120
Q

outline literature in Weimar Germany

A
  • writers explored themes of war trauma, economic instability + the rise of extremist ideologies
  • e.g. All Quiet on the Western Front (1928) by Remarque follows a group of young soldiers in WW1
121
Q

outline mass culture in Weimar Germany

A
  • mass/ pop culture emerged in Weimar Germany
  • it was influenced by international culture - e.g. consumerism + Jazz from US
122
Q

outline film in Weimar Germany

A
  • the German film industry was the most advanced in Europe
  • the UFA was a Govt organised film company mad up of the biggest film studios
  • popular films: Metropolis (1926), Blue Angel (1930)
123
Q

outline cabaret in Weimar Germany

A
  • cabaret cubs were open in cities such as Berlin
  • it mocked the conventions of old Germany
  • it included comedy, jazz, nudity and covered social and political themes
124
Q

what was societies response to cultural experimentation

A
  • cultural movements were largely based in cities
  • most Germans were horrified at the decline of established moral + cultural standards
  • freedom of expression in the constitution allowed different ideas to be explored
  • Weimar society became increasingly polarised before the economic + political crisis’ in 1929
124
Q

outline radio in Weimar Germany

A
  • radio was used as a platform for mass communication
  • 1 in 4 Germans owned a radio by 1932
124
Q

what were the 2 types of schools

A
  • elementary: 6-9 years
  • secondary: 9-14 years
125
Q

outline primary schools

A
  • Govt aimed to ensure all Germans received a free + fair standard primary education in prep for their future secondary school
  • education remained regionally different as it was run regionally by Lander
125
Q

outline the 3 part secondary school system

A

3 types of secondary:
- Gymnasium: attended for 9 years in prep for uni
- Haptschule: attended for 5 years for apprenticeships/ trade
- Realschule: attended for 6 years for business/ technical training)
- this system meant that a child’s future/ career was decided at 9 years old

126
Q

outline University

A
  • a 1928 survey found that of the fathers of university students, 45% were civil servants and only 2% were WC
  • unis had their own student corporations, e.g. ‘duelling’ corporations were differences were settled in swordfights
  • mostly consisted of middle or upper class people
126
Q

outline the types of primary schools

A

4 types:
- grandschule: the compulsory + free schools for children 6-10
- confessional: faith based schools ran privately - mainly protestant, catholic, Jewish
- common: took children of all religions + gave them a separate religious education
- secular: a school with no religious education

127
Q

outline the Unemployment Insurance Law

A
  • passed July 1927
  • all workers and employees were required to contribute towards a national scheme for unemployment welfare
  • benefits were now given to all people out of work
128
Q

outline the Reich Pension Law

A
  • passed May 1920
  • provided financial support + pensions for veterans, war widows, parents of dead soldiers
129
Q

who benefitted from hyperinflation

A
  • debtors: could pay off their debts easily
  • black marketers: could sell goods on the black market for a high price when goods were scarce
  • women: more likely to be employed than men as they were cheap labour - but did face increased hostility
129
Q

outline the Labour Exchange Law

A
  • passed Feb 1922
  • Govt offices were set up to train the unemployed + help them find work
130
Q

outline the status of women during WW1

A
  • 280,000 women were employed by an armament manufacturer by 1918
  • more independent - financially
  • couldn’t vote
  • having less kids - men away at war
  • many women wanted change - they made up a lrger proportion of the population due to dead soldiers
130
Q

outline the status of women in Weimar Germany

A
  • more free with their personal style + hobbies - e.g. cabaret, ‘New Woman’
  • campaigned successfully for the vote - all women over 20 could vote
  • more women in paid employment
  • still expected to have children + marry
130
Q

by _, _% of women of working age were employed

A
  • by 1918, 75% of women of working age were employed
131
Q

outline evidence of women’s increased status within politics/ the law in Weimar Germany

A
  • Nov 1918: W granted the vote - first election turnout was 90% of W
  • constitution enshrined equality (in pay, marriage, opportunities, education)
  • BDF was a women’s protest group but campaigned for W’s traditional role
  • female communists were more prominent
  • SPD supported improved maternity rights
  • 112 women were elected into the Reichstag 1919-22
132
Q

by _ there were over _ female doctors - this had doubled by _

A
  • by 1925 there were over 2,500 female doctors - this had doubled by 1933
132
Q

outline evidence of women’s restricted status within politics/ the law in Weimar Germany (continuity from Second Reich)

A
  • legal status of women under the 1900 German Civil Code remained
  • abortion + contraception were illegal
  • dominance of RW parties after 1929 meant restricted opportunities for W
  • although W were involved in the KPD they made up the minority
133
Q

outline evidence of women’s increased status within employment in Weimar Germany

A
  • female employment rose
  • 1925: over 2,500 F doctors
  • 1925: over 250,000 W worked in low paid jobs which gave them the hours to take care of their kids
  • rise of W in white blouse jobs (clerical + shop work)
  • the idea of unmarried/ single women was more socially acceptable
134
Q

outline evidence of women’s increased status within culture + society in Weimar Germany

A
  • W abandoned traditional female behaviours in response to racy city culture in 1920s
  • World League of Sexual Reform campaigned for sexual freedom + to teach men the principles of a female orgasm + access to contraception
  • movement for ending state licensed prostitution - Care Office created to provide help for women leaving prostitution
  • 1927 prostitution was decriminalised
  • ‘New Woman’: more revealing clothes, short hair, smoked + drank, behaved with the freedom of a man
135
Q

outline evidence of women’s restricted status within employment in Weimar Germany (continuity from Second Reich)

A
  • 1925: W in employment was back to pre-war levels (36%)
  • in areas like office work, W were paid significantly less (33%)
  • W were expected to stop working when they got married - stopping them from being in long term employment
  • faced hostility + discrimination from men; trade unions were dominated by M
  • 1932: Bruning passed a decree allowing married W to be dismissed from Govt jobs if they had husbands who were working
135
Q

outline evidence of women’s increased status within the Great Depression in Weimar Germany

A
  • W were less affected by employment as they were cheaper to employ
  • 46% of men were unemployed, compared to 33% of women
135
Q

outline evidence of women’s restricted status within culture + society in Weimar Germany (continuity from Second Reich)

A
  • politicians + the media (e.g. in films) criticised the ‘New Woman’
  • the more liberal position of W was blamed for not planning/ saving for their future, being selfish, causing the downfall of society, going against nature
136
Q

outline evidence of women’s restricted status within the Great Depression in Weimar Germany (continuity from Second Reich)

A
  • was more hostility to employed W
  • 1932: Bruning passed a decree allowing married W to be dismissed from Govt jobs if they had husbands who were working
137
Q

outline evidence of ethnic minorities being equally integrated in Weimar society

A
  • Article 113 said that groups who spoke a different language couldn’t be legally persecuted
  • 1925: were over 200,000 polish speakers and a further 500,000 polish-German speakers who saw themselves as G
  • 1924: significant demand for Black musicians in Jazz clubs
  • G didn’t enforce racial segregation - Black musicians could earn 4x as much as in the US
138
Q

when was H appointed as Chancellor of Germany

A
  • January 30th 1933
139
Q

outline a policy within the Weimar Govt that ensured democracy

A
  • the Weimar Constitution contained checks and balances
  • this tried to ensure that no one part of the political system could become too powerful
140
Q

outline Hitlers published + unpublished books

A
  • Mein Kampf, 1925
  • Zweites Buch, 1928
141
Q

outline the aspects of integration with Europe in Weimar Germany

A
  • Locarno Pact
  • Dawes + Young Plan
  • joining the League of Nations
  • receiving US loans
  • viewed political + economic integration with Europe as essential for G’s success

History - Germany (P1) (4 decks)

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