Nazi G (1933-45) Flashcards
in the ____ _____ election, Nazis got their best result, __%, gaining majority in the Reichstag
- in the March 1933 election, Nazis got their best result, 44%, gaining majority in the Reichstag
the Enabling Act was passed in ____ _____
- the Enabling Act was passed in March 1933
when did Hindenburg die
- Hindenburg died on 2nd August 1934
in _____ ____, the German army took ‘The ___ ____’ which swore loyalty to Hitler + the Nazi regime
- in August 1934, the German army took ‘The Army Oath’ which swore loyalty to Hitler + the Nazi regime
The Nazis were against the division of Germany into _____
They wanted a _____ state, with a _____ administration
- The Nazis were against the division of Germany into 18 Lander
- They wanted a centralized state, with a centralized administration
there was mass unemployment - approx _ million unemployed in ____
- there was mass unemployment - approx 8 million unemployed in 1933
who was Hjalmar Schacht’s replacement
- in 1936
- Hermann Goering
the Nazi’s road building schemes had _____ employees between _____
- the Nazi’s road building schemes had 84,000 employees between 1933-35
what did the Reich Food Estate (RNS) do
- regulated food production + distribution of farm produce
- had set prices & farmers wages
Nazis gave aid to ____ _______ and created a singular trade union; ___ (____ ____ _____)
- Nazis gave aid to small businesses and created a singular trade union; DAF (German Labour Front)
Unemployed: 1930 - __%
1936 - __%
- Unemployed: 1930 - 14%
1936 - 7.5%
____: German farmers provided __% of farm produce. ____: provided __%
- 1928: German farmers provided 68% of farm produce. 1934: provided 80%
What did the Nazis promise in their election campaign
- immediate economic recovery/ ‘work and bread’
Over _____ ‘undesirable’ children died under the __ campaign
- Over 700,000 ‘undesirable’ children died under the T4 campaign
After ____, morale in Germany became increasingly _____________
After 1942, morale in Germany became increasingly low
- ___ ____: Mass ____ of _____ books written by non-German authors/ promoting non-Nazi ideas
- May 1933: Mass burning of 25,000 books written by non-German authors/ promoting non-Nazi ideas
What was the strength through joy movement
- trips to the theatre, the opera and to art galleries and museums which promoted acceptable culture
Einstatzgrupen was…
- the SS Units responsible for rounding up & murdering Jews in Eastern Europe
what was Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’
- The term used by the Nazis to describe the extermination of Jews from 1941
at the ______ Conference in ____ the _____ _____ was agreed
- at the Wannsee Conference in 1942 the final solution was agreed
Germany’s air force increased from ___ (1939) to ____ (1941) whist Britain’s had trebled in the same period (to _____)
- Germany’s air force increased from 8,000 (1939) to 10,000 (1941) whist Britain’s had trebled in the same period (to 21,000)
______ left-wing enemies of the Nazis were imprisoned during _____
- 150,000 left-wing enemies of the Nazis were imprisoned during 1933-45
______ _______ men were imprisoned in concentration camps
- 15,000 homosexual men were imprisoned in concentration camps
what + when was The Law for the Protection of German Blood & Honour
- forbid marriage between Jews & Germans
- 1935
what + when was the The Reich Citizenship Law
- 1935
- said Jews are no longer German Citizens
at The ____ Conference ___, world leaders refused to accept _____ refugees
- at The Evian Conference 1938, world leaders refused to accept Jewish refugees
when was + what happened at Kristallnacht
- November 9th 1938
- a Govt permitted attack on Jews in Germany + Austria
- Jewish homes, synagogues, businesses were looted, vandalised + burned
- about 28,000 German + Austrian J men deported to concentration camps
between ______, _ million Jews are murdered
- between 1942-44, 6 million Jews are murdered
By ____, __% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League, as it was impossible to get a job if you werent a member
- By 1937, 95% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League, as it was impossible to get a job if you werent a member
in _, _ children were forced out of German schools to attend _ schools
- in 1938, Jewish children were forced out of German schools to attend Jewish schools
____: __% of German homes had a radio
- 1939: 70% of German homes had a radio
____: __% of the population agreed with remilitarisation of the Rhineland
- 1936: 99% of the population agreed with remilitarisation of the Rhineland
Party membership rose from ______ in ____ to _ million in ____
- Party membership rose from 850,000 in 1933 to 5 million in 1940
Give 2 examples of organisations Nazis set up to involve women in politics
- National Socialist Women’s League
- German Women’s Enterprise
Describe a significant change in a right of women in Nazi Germany
- Women’s right to vote was taken away
_____: birth-control organisations which produced and distributed contraceptives were ______
- 1933: birth-control organisations which produced and distributed contraceptives were banned
____: women who conceived + raised children were awarded the ‘_____ _____’ for …
- 1938: women who conceived + raised children were awarded the ‘Mother’s Cross’ for having contributed to the strength of the German nation
when did H abolish all other political parties expect the NSDAP
- July 1933
What was the most famous e.g. of resistance to the Nazi regime during the war
- The July 1944 Stauffenberg bomb plot: plan by Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler
- failed
What was the Red Orchestra
- operated in 1938-42
- was an oppositional spy network that successfully permeated the Nazi government and military
workers opposed the Nazi regime through…
- 400 wildcat strikes between 1935-6
- ____: the SS numbered _______, in ____: it numbered ______
- 1933: the SS numbered 52,000, in 1939: it numbered 250,000
about ______ concentration camps were made between ____-__
- about 20,000 concentration camps were made between 1933-45
outline the principle of ‘volksegmeinschaft’
- advocated the ‘people’s community’
- Germans were expected to work together + make sacrifices for the greater good of the nation
when Speer was put in charge of the economy in ____, ________ production increased by __%
- when Speer was put in charge of the economy in 1942, ammunition production increased by 97%
____: ___% of young people members of Hitler Youth
- 1939: 90% of young people members of Hitler Youth
- _____: ___% of teachers were a part of the …
- 1937: 95% of teachers were a part of the Nationalist Socialist Teachers League
by _, _ women were employed
- by 1939, 1.5million women were employed
between 19-, _ people were sterilised
- between 1934-45, 400,000 people were sterilised
how many laws did the Reichstag pass between 1934-45 (11yrs)
- 7 laws
- shows its inefficiency
name a protestant pastor who spoke out against the Nazis
- Bishop Galen; criticised nazi euthanasia policy
- Martin Niemoller; sent to a concentration camp
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer; helped jews emigrate, worked in Kreisau Circle
what was the outcome of burning of PLT
- the burning of PLT in Feb 1933 helped H consolidate his power
- Nazi’s were able to stir up anti-communist propaganda
- H banned the Communists from taking their seat in the Mar 1933 election
what did Goebbels set up to promote acceptable culture
- the RKK (Reich Chamber of Culture)
- this controlled all creative arts + promoted acceptable culture
why wasnt it inevitable in 1933 that Hitler would be a dictator
- civil rights were protected by the Constitution
- Nazis didn’t control the Reichstag
- the press was still free to criticize the Govt
- Hindenburg was still President
- army still had power + didn’t like H’s SA
what were H’s main 3 methods to overcome obstacles to his power
- using power + intimidation
- dealt with the press + trade unions via Gleichschatung (the process of establishing a totalitarian system of control + coordination)
- dealt with the Constitution + Reichstag via a legal revolution
outline the Reichstag Fire
- Feb 27th 1933
- the Reichstag was destroyed by a fire
- a Dutch Communist, Marinus van de Lubbe, was arrested for the crime
- Hitler + the NSDAP used this event to take down the Communists
- 4,000 Communists were arrested + H was granted emergency powers, leading to more arrests
what were Hitler’s remaining limitations to his power in 1933
- Hindenburg (President)
- army
- Reichstag
- press
outline Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor
- Jan 30th 1933
- Hitler was appointed as Chancellor of Germany
outline the first election after Hitlers appointment
- was on 5th March 1933
- Nazis achieved 44% of votes - their best result ever, but they still didn’t have a 2/3 majority to change constitution
- they achieved this high result through pressuring + killing political opponents and broadcasting their anti-Communist ideas through radio
outline the Enabling Act
- was passed by the Reichstag in March 1933
- the enabling act passed by 444 votes to 84 (SPD voted against)
- this act gave H the power to pass laws without input of the Reichstag or President - rule like a dictator
what happened in May 1933 that further consolidated Hitler’s power
- Trade Union officers were taken over by the SA + SS
- many Union leaders were arrested and sent to (early version) concentration camps
- all trade unions were merged into the German Labour Front (DAF), controlled by NSDAP + led by Ley
outline the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich
- the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich was passed in January 30th, 1934
- it abolished the Lander altogether and brought them under central control
- Germany was now a one party state
what law was passed in July 1933
- a law was passed in July 1933 which banned all remaining political parties and prevented new ones from forming
- this is a turning point for where democracy collapses
- there was no political challenge to Nazi rule anymore
outline the oath of loyalty
- in August 1934
- the German army aligned itself with the Nazi regime and took an oath of personal loyalty to H
- H was now the supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
what was the significance of Hindenburg’s death
- died August 2nd 1934
- H combined the role of president and chancellor to become ‘Fuhrer’
- he was now the undisputed head of Germany
outline economic crises in helping Hitler become a dictator
- when the economy was struggling, Germans would turn to extremist parties (like NSDAP)
- the Great Depression caused a rise in support for Nazism
outline the Night of Long Knives
- took place in June 29-30th 1934
- several hundred political and SA leaders were arrested and executed by Nazis
- e.g. General von Schleicher (ex-chancellor), Ernest Rohm (SA leader)
- H killed those who he thought were a potential threat to his power + allowed him to take power of the Army
outline the Constitution in helping Hitler become a dictator
- Article 48 held too much power/ risk for autocracy
- after the Reichstag Fire, H used it to arrested his political opponents
outline the Reichstag Fire in helping Hitler become a dictator
- it gave H an excuse to openly hate + arrest Communists
- he arrested 4,000 Communists
- this severely crippled the Communist Party
define Fuhrerprinzip
- Fuhrerprinzip = the Nazi ideology that all power + sovereignty (supreme authority) is vested in the leader
outline the structure of Nazi Government
- Hitler as Fuhrer: Head of State, head of NSDAP, Commander in Chief, Minister of War
- under Hitler, there was the Reich Chancellery, Fuhrer Chancellery and The Party
- within these, there were different aspects
outline the Reich Chancellery
- was the existing ministry/ cabinet + civil service from Weimar Germany
- Ministries: Foreign Office, Labour, Finance, Health
- within these, there were officials/ civil servants
outline the Fuhrer Chancellery
- this was a new Nazi ministry organisation - it had more power than the Reich Chancellery
- Ministries: Propaganda, Justice, Finance, Foreign Affairs, Labour, War
- Offices: Four Year Plan, Health, Race, Family, Highways
outline The Party
- this was for NSDAP party organisation
- was split into: Policing + Administration
- Policing: SA, SS - Gestapo
- Administration: Gauleiters (regional party leader) - Youth Organisations, Blockwarts (lower level regional party officials)
outline leadership under the Nazi regime
- Hitler, as the Fuhrer, had ‘Fuhrer power’ (ultimate power)
- below H, the Nazi state operated under Fuhrerprinzip, which established a strict hierarchal order
- at every level of govt, there was 1 person in charge who reported to someone at the next level up
- this was essential to work together + to not make their own decisions or use their initiative
- H made few decisions by himself - it was in foreign policy that he took most control
outline decision making under the regime
- it was impossible for H to make all the decisions in running a country - those under him had to conform to the principles of what H wanted
- those showing the most loyalty to H were given the most power - e.g. Goebbels in Ministry for Propaganda
- this ‘working towards the Fuhrer’ helped H maintain his authority
outline the distribution of power within the Nazi Government
- Govt institutions from the Weimar G remained - but their power was illusionary
- e.g. the Reichstag remained but only passed 7 laws between 1934-45, due to the Enabling Act
- H also kept the cabinet of ministers as they provided a useful level of continuity from the previous regime
- e.g. H kept the Foreign Minister from previous governments - Neurath
- however, the power of former Weimar ministries (who now operated in the Reich Chancellery) were restricted as they worked alongside new ministries + officials in the Fuhrer Chancellery
- H also prevented groups of people working together as to avoid opposition groups forming
- e.g. abolished cabinet meetings - made decision making inefficient
the Reichstag remained in Nazi Germany, but only passed _ laws between - - showed their power was _
- the Reichstag remained in Nazi Germany, but only passed 7 laws between 1934-45 - showed their power was illusionary
outline administration within the Nazi Government
- like the Weimar Govt, administration was done by Civil Service under the new minister, William Frick
- however, it operated within Nazi ideology + Fuhrerprinzip
- Lander were abolished + replaced by a centralised state with a central administration
- William Frick ran both regional and local governments - he came into conflict with Gauleiters
outline control within the Nazi State
- the Nazi state established tight levels of control over ‘political means’ by using the Gestapo
- control of its citizens was an important aspect of the Nazi state
- to extend their control, the Gestapo + SS developed their own judiciary ran alongside the traditional court system for ‘political’ crimes
- Gestapo-controlled concentration camps were set up for political prisoners
outline the Gestapo
- they were the secret policy set up by Hermann Goering
- established in April 1933
- the Gestapo were taken over by Himmler’s SS in 1936
- control of its citizens was an important aspect of the Nazi state
- the Gestapo set up concentration camps in 1933 for political prisoners
outline the common good in the Nazi state
- the Nazis worked on the principle of Volkgemeinschaft (the peoples community)
- the German nation was a racially united body working for the good of the nation
- individuals were expected to obey the Nazi G + make sacrifices for the greater good
outline equality in the view of the Nazi regime
- Volksgemeinschaft - in theory - wanted the German to be racially unified working for the greater good of the nation
- but minorities, such as Jews, were discriminated
outline social rights in Nazi society
- there were no enforced social rights
- e.g. the disabled were sterilised
- these groups (disabled, homeless) were actively discriminated against
outline voting in the Nazi state
- there were no real elections
- there were only plebiscites (a referendum for electing on issues)
what is a command economy
- command economy = when the state controls the economy by deciding what + how much to produce of which product
what are ersatz + examples from the 2nd 4 year plan
- ersatz = substitute or replacement goods - often of inferior quality
- e.g. bread became Erastzbrot (bread made with potato starch)
when was a command economy put in place
- in the second 4 year plan in 1936-39
outline the creation of the command economy in 1936
- Goring was in charge of this 4 year plan
- departments: agricultural production, labour, prices, raw material production
- this plan was initiated to reorient the economy towards war + autarky
- was also created as Schacht’s first 4 year plan failed to solve the issue of providing sufficient raw materials
what were the aims of Goering 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- to achieve autarky, improve unemployment + agriculture, to prepare Germany for war (rearmament)
- ersatz products were made to try and achieve autarky
outline the ‘Guns or Butter’ debate from Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- was a debate over if Germany should prioritise rearming (preferred by Hitler) or the needs of the people (e.g. food, fuel)
- Nazis considered food rationing, but they knew it would be unpopular - esp as they promised ‘work and bread’ in their election manifesto
to try and overcome this, they tried re-educating people on their eating + consumption habits - e.g. to consume less in general, esp fat, meat
what were the successes of Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- success: rearmament was successful + was achieved without pushing prices or cutting wages
- success: produced key materials - like aluminium + explosives
what were the failures of Goring’s 4 year plan/ creation of command economy
- failure: results weren’t as fast as expected due to pragmatic difficulties
- failure: farming and industry didn’t meet the targets of the Four Year Plan
- failure: the shift to a command econ lost support of groups like industrialists
what was the overall conclusion of Goring’s/ the second 4 year plan
- wasn’t a massive success
- Germany was still unprepared for war in 1939
outline how industrial workers benefitted from Nazi rule
- unemployment did fall considerably (by around 1% per year)
- the Strength Through Joy workers programme gave loans, medical care + extra food for ‘suitable’ mothers
- other workers took advantage of subsidised holidays + Volkswagen cars
outline how industrial workers suffered from Nazi rule
- many of the jobs created were badly paid so the rise in wages was due to longer hours worked
- living standards were falling
- trade unions were abolished - workers had no functional outlet to complain about their poor housing + low wages - strikes, indiscipline and absenteeism were regular
outline how farmers benefitted from Nazi rule
- farmers’ income increased by 41%
- by 1937, wages for farmers receive red to their 1929 level
- demand for farm products increased
outline how farmers suffered from Nazi rule
- G agriculture remained dependent on imports + suffered from workers moving to cities
- the Reich Entail Farm Law in 1933: meant that efficient agriculture was held back as farmers couldn’t borrow money to expand/ modernise
outline how the middle class benefitted from Nazi rule
- small business benefitted - e.g. sub-contractors for arms companies
- many could also buy up Jewish’s rivals companies cheaply as part of the ‘Aryanisation’ programme
outline how the middle class suffered from Nazi rule
- MC resented the higher classes, compulsory donations and shortages of raw materials + labour
outline how ‘undesirables’ benefitted from Nazi rule
- they had no benefits
outline how ‘undesirables’ suffered from Nazi rule
- 1939: all doctors, nurses and midwives had to report any children under 3 with physical/ mental disabilities
- Oct 1939: the T4 campaign killed disabled children - this was extended to hospitals + institutions for the old by 1940
- between 1936-40, 78 families that were asocial (alcoholic, failed to pay rent), were sent to be re-educated in a housing estate
how did Nazis overcome unemployment
- created work and encouraged businesses to offer temporary work for the long term unemployed
- RAD (Reich Labour Service): set up schemes for unemployed men + women - provided manual work with basic food + accommodation
- road building schemes: created work through the road + truck building industry
how many were employed through road building schemes
- 84,000 people between 1933-35
how successful were the Nazis in solving unemployment
- the unemployment rate had halved in 6 years to 7%
- however: the Nazis manipulated statistics as they didn’t include Jews and women in stats + discouraged them from working
outline the issue of agriculture
- agriculture was still in recession
- farmers wages + incomes fell sharply
how did Nazis overcome the agriculture issue
- import tariffs: Hindenburg increased import tariffs in agricultural produce, making people more likely to buy G goods
- banks: banks were banned from repossessing farms from farmers in debt
- margarine: H made margarine manufacturers put german farmers butter in it - stopped relying on foreign imports
- RNS (Reich Food Estate): was set up to regulate food production + distribution of farm produce
outline the problem of businesses in Nazi G
- the Great Delression let to many businesses having to cut production or collapse
- 50,000 businesses went bankrupt
- union actions + disputes meant the loss of millions of work days
how did the Nazis overcome the issue faced by businesses
- small businesses: the 1933 law for the protection of retail trades stopped the building of new stores - Nazi propaganda discouraged use of department stores as small businesses supported Hitler, and big store owners hadn’t
- trade unions: H got rid of TUs as they caused issues for big companies, H made new trade union (DAF) which made it impossible for big companies to exploit workers
were the Nazis policies for businesses successful
- large businesses that depended on exports suffered
- however, the DAF made it possible for bus businesses to exploit workers
in _, some department stores made _% less than they had in _
- in 1934, some department stores made 80% less than they had in 1929
outline the issue of international trade
- demand for German products was low
- G couldn’t afford to pay for imports + preferred to exchange goods
outline evidence that the Nazi war economy was effective
- by the 2nd half of 1944, there had been more than a three fold increase in G war production since 1942
- after Speer was put in power in 1942, munition production increased by 97%
outline evidence that the Nazi war economy was ineffective
- the Nazi economy failed to meet the demands of total war - led to econ collapse of 1945
- there was shortages of raw materials such as coal and oil
- the Nazis relied on foreign workers who were malnourished - as a result, productivity was 60-80%
why was the government in a state of disorganisation + chaos during the war
- the chaos of the economy and society was exacerbated as H further withdrew from direct control of Govt
- he spent 20 hours a day sleeping - Goebbels took over - e.g. he gave speeches (e.g. Sportplast) + arranged a response to the 1944 Bomb Plot
when was moral the highest in WW2
- between 1939-42
what are the 3 main reasons for Germans high moral
1) even rationed, food was reasonably distributed- e.g. 500g of meat per week
2) early victories, e.g. Poland, Norway, Denmark helped maintain morale
3) propaganda encouraged moral support
what were the 3 main reasons for low morale
1) difficult working conditions
2) increased food + clothing shortages
3) the Allied bombing of German cities decreased morale - homes were destroyed + civilians were targeted
outline music in Nazi culture
- with Strength Through Joy trips, people could go to the opera
- Jazz/ foreign music was banned
- classical German composers like Bach + Beethoven were supported by the regime
outline literature in Nazi culture
- any books that didn’t align with Nazi views were censored
- brain drain: 2,500 of Germany’s writers left - e.g. author of All Quit on the Western Front
outline sports in Nazi culture
- sports were encouraged to produce a healthy nation
- hosting the 1936 Olympics was an opportunity to show off German sport abilities in which they won the most medals
- the Olympics excluded Jewish athletes
outline cinema in Nazi culture
- there were Strength Though Joy trips to the theatre
- Hitlers favourite film maker, Riefenstahl, made a series of documentaries for him
- every film had to be looked over to check that it aligned with Nazi views before being released
- Jewish actors, such as Marlene Dietrich were banned
- there were overt propaganda in films, e.g. The Eternal Jew
outline art + design in Nazi culture
- there were Strength Through Joy trips to art galleries where exhibitions showed both acceptable + unacceptable art
- e.g. 1937: there was a ‘degenerate’ art exhibition in Munich
- acceptable art showed physically fit aryans + was put in workplaces to saturate people with Nazi propaganda
- the Nazi Party Rally Grounds was a large scale building designed to impress
outline censoring unacceptable culture in Nazi culture
- there was a burning of 25,000 books from Jewish + Communist authors
- any culture that encouraged individualism + anti-state was censored
- the Reich Chamber of Culture was supervised by the Propaganda Ministry
what were the aims of Nazi education policies
- to instil nationalist, militaristic, and antisemitic ideas
- to ensure children learnt about racial theories, volksgemeinschaft
- to educate boys about becoming soldiers and girls becoming mothers
outline the Nazis centralisation of the education system
- as part of ‘Gleichschaltung’ (the process of establishing control over society), the Lander were abolished + lost control of education
- through this, they centralised the education system
outline the structure of the a
Nazi education system
- compulsory education (6-14 years)
- centralised control of education - Rust was made Minister for education in 1934
- abolished faith schools (Rs a threat as it could pose opposition)
- state school structure remained
- Mar 1933: separate schools for boys and girls
- Apr 1933: 21 Napolas (national political education institutions) opened - they trained boys for the SS
- 1937: Adolf Hitler Schools set up for WC students
- Castles of the Order were 3 elite boarding schools that trained boys for entry into a Govt service
outline the impact of Nazi educational policies on education system structure
- those in Uni were mainly M/UC
- the same number of WC people went to uni in 1939 as in 1933
- the structure remained largely similar
outline the role of teachers in Nazi education
- Apr 1939: the Nationalist Teachers League was established, was impossible to get a job without membership
- Apr 1933: ‘undesirable’ teachers were purged (60%) - e.g. female headteachers
by _, _% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League
- by 1937, 95% of teachers had joined the National Socialist Teachers League
outline the impact of Nazi educational policies on the role of teachers
- standards of education declined under anti-academic ethos of schools
- reduced respect for the teaching professional
- overall, teachers were willing to convert to Nazism for the sanctity of their jobs
outline the students + curriculum under Nazi Germany
- Curriculum was determined by central govt
- schools were a place of indoctrination + teaching loyalty to H and Germany
- radicalisation of curriculum: emphasis on physical fitness (15% of curriculum), racial purity, history (creation of volksgemeinschaft), health biology (focused on race + motherhood for girls), religious studies dropped
- stereotyped roles: girls (home economics, modern languages), boys (science, sport + prep for uni)
- censored textbooks, new booklets printed to support propaganda of curriculum - e.g. maths: calculations on how much money could be saved for marriage loans if money spent on mentally ill care was used
- jews forced out of G schools into Jewish schools - abolished 1942
- schools were a vehicle for communicating Nazi ideology
outline the impact of Nazi educational policies on students + curriculum
- fewer students completed academic education due to strict govt selection of uni students
- only 10% of uni students were female
outline youth groups in Nazi Germany
- the Hitler Youth movement was set up with separate groups for girls + boys - all other youth groups abolished
- 1936: Catholic youth groups abolished
- boys: Little Folk from 6yrs, Jungvolk from 10yrs, Hitler Jungend from 14-18yrs
- girls: Jungmadel from 10yrs, Association for Germand Women from 14yrs
- these organisations reinforced messages taught in school
- WC less likely to join than MC students
in _, Hitler Youth had _ members and it became compulsory to join in _
- in 1936, Hitler Youth had 4 million members and it became compulsory to join in 1939
what is social darwinism
- the belief that life is a competition and that the fittest deserve to prosper whilst the unfit deserve to be left behind
outline mass murder/ genocide events of the Nazis racial policies
- May 1941: H creates 6 Einsatzgruppe (killing squads) who were given orders to follow the G army into Russia to kill all Jews + Communists
- Sept 1941: mass murder of 34,000 jews near Kiev - carried out by Einsatzgruppe
- Jan/Feb 1942: first gassing of Jews carried out at Auschwitz
- 1942-44: transportation of jews from around Europe to death camps - 6 million murdered
outline segregation of the Nazis racial policies
- Oct 1938: a law forced J W to add Sarah + J M to add Israel - must be on all legal documents
- Sep 1939: Germany invades Poland - all Polish Js have to wear a Star of David
- Nov 1939: all Polish Js have to wear a yellow star
- Apr 1940: Js forced to move to ghettos which are surrounded by a wall - people cant leave or enter
when did morale fall + evidence of low morale
- after 1942
- there was a rise in criticisms of Hitler + non-conformism
outline bullying in the Nazis racial policies
- Jan 1933: H made Chancellor - imposes national boycott of J businesses - SA member stood outside urging people not to go in
- Nov 1938: Kristallnacht; Govt permitted attack on Jews
how did the German invasion of the USSR make it easier to develop the Final Solution 1942
- the invasion of the USSR put strains on the German war economy, leading to the cost of feeding inhabitants of the Ghettos too great - led to more extremism (the Final Solution)
what is the Final Solution 1942 evidence of
- cumulative radicalisation (gradual extremism)
by _, _ women had left their jobs to get married and take advantage of the _ given to women to encourage them to ….
- by 1934, 360,000 women had left their jobs to get married and take advantage of the loans given to women to encourage them to give up their jobs
outline the Law to Reduce Unemployment
- passed in 1933
- it said that women in the top levels of Civil Service were dismissed
- in 1936, women were excluded from working in the Law + Judiciary
what was a provision put in to encourage women to work during WW2
- more childcare was provided
- the NSV (People’s Welfare Organisation) had 31,000 kindergartens by the end of 1942
By _, over _ of German women between _ and _ years old were in regular employment - this was significantly higher than in _ and _
- By 1939, over half of German women between 15 and 60 years old were in regular employment - this was significantly higher than in Britain and America
outline the gender pay gap in Nazi Germany
- in 1933, an unskilled woman earned 70% of an unskilled man’s wage
- by 1939, this was at 66%
what was Nazi’s view of women
- women were seen as fundamentally important to the creation of a strong + ‘racially pure’ Volksgemeinschaft
- they made a valuable contribution to society through their role as mothers
- they were expected to conform to the typical feminine stereotypes - e.g. Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
although women in Germanys workforce increased by _% in -, it only increased by _% in WW2 (compared to Britain’s _%) - because…
- although women in Germanys workforce increased by 27% in 1933-39, it only increased by 2% in WW2 (compared to Britain’s 50%)
- this was because G used foreign labourers from conquered territories
outline women in Nazi politics
- politics/ Govt/ any decision making was seen as a man’s role
- there wasn’t a single female Nazi deputy on the Reichstag
- from 1936, W couldn’t be judges, prosecutors or members of a jury
outline the leader of the National Socialist Women’s League
- the leader was Gertrud Schlotz-Klink
- despite her leadership position, she spoke out against women in politics + condemned Weimar female politicians
- this organisation promoted Nazi ideology among women
outline opposition of army elites against Hitler + Nazi regime
- there was little opposition early on due to fear from the Night of Long Knives
- opposition from army elites inc when H went down the route of war + esp after 1942, when it was clear G were losing the war
- an example of this opposition is the 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot and the Kreisau Circle
outline the 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot
- occurred in 1944
- Colonel Stauffenberg attended a meeting with Hitler + planted a bomb to kill him and everyone in that room
- the bomb detonated but H survived
outline the Kreisau Circle
- took place 1940-44
- was a group of German elite that planned the future of Germany after the defeat of Nazis
- they leaked details about Nazi death camps to Allies
outline opposition from communists and workers to Hitler + Nazi regime
- Comms/ workers opposed H as they had opposing political beliefs
- they printed anti-Nazi literature, organised wildcat strikes for improved pay + conditions
- e.g. the Red orchestra
- Gestapo infiltrated their groups + executed them
outline opposition from Christians to Hitler + Nazi regime
- as a Church, they resisted attempts for Nazis to censor their Christian newspaper or integrating Catholic + Nazi youth groups
- e.g. Bishop Galen protested against Euthanasia
- Niemoller - founder of the Confessional church was sent to a concentration camp
outline the White Rose
- 1942-43
- the White Rose was a resistance group led by students Sophie + Hans Scholl
- they made + spread leaflets and Munisch Uni calling for opposition to the Nazi regime
- they were arrested in 1943 and executed
outline 2 examples of the Youth’s expression of dissent/ non-conformity against Hitler + the Nazi regime
- e.g. Swing Youth: a youth group of mainly MC who adopted the music + ideas of the USA (e.g. Jazz music)
- e.g. Edelweiss Pirates: group of WC youths who had been alienated by Hitler Youth. they met up + organised their own hikes + camps - conflicting the official ones
- 12 Edelweiss Pirates were hung in 1944
in _, _ Edelweiss Pirates were hung as ….
- in 1944, 12 Edelweiss Pirates were hung as they assassinated a Gestapo member
outline the changes of opposition from the Weimar Republic
- there was less active resistance due to the harsher control + restrictions on daily life
- were less putsches/ uprisings and more non-conformity
- Nazi Gov responded more harshly to signs of opposition
- less short term success of opposition as in Weimar G
- less ambitious aims of opposition in the Nazi G - e.g. unlike overthrowing the Weimar Gov
outline the continuities of opposition from the Weimar Republic
- there was still active resistance, it was just less frequent - e.g. 1944 Stauffenberg Bomb Plot
- opposition groups never were successful in both regimes
what was the Fuhrer’s myth (propaganda)
- it glorified Hitler as an effective leader, or saviour, of the German nation
outline censorship in the war (propaganda)
- by 1942, all film companies became state owned
- news of the German defeat at Stalingrad were suppressed
- the Final Solution was never announced in the press
outline radio in Nazi regime (propaganda)
- from Sept 1939, listening to foreign radio stations was criminalized
- the Nazi govt produced a cheap radio set , the Peoples Receiver
- radio became a medium of mass communication controlled by the regime
outline newspaper in Nazi regime (propaganda)
- the 1933 Decree for the Protection of the People and the State allowed Nazis to ban publications
- the Reich Association was formed to compile a list of ‘accredited’ journalists
outline Himmler + the SS (terror state)
- the Nazis ran their own security system alongside the existing police + judicial system
- Himmler was the Chief of all German Police
- SS began in 1925, they grew quickly + were very violent - e.g. Night of Long Knives
- their responsibilities grew to running the concentration camps
what are the 4 factors that allowed the Nazi regime to survive 1933-35
- propaganda/ censorship
- supporters of the regime
- surveillance/ establishment of terror state
- social and economic policies
outline the Gestapo (terror state)
- the Gestapo were a secret state police formed by Hermann Goering
- role: to find opponents to the Nazi state + arrest them
- relief on informants + Blockwardens (those who ran apartment blocks) for information
- small organization of 20-40,000
- had a reputation for brutality - could detain + arrest someone without trial
outline Concentration Camps (terror state)
- opponents of the regime (homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies) were sent to these where they were questioned + tortured, subjected to hard labour + re-education
- over 800,000 prisoners held from 1939-45
- the first CC was set up in 1933 in Dachau for political prisoners
outline the role of the SS
- SS began in 1925 as H’s bodyguard of 450 men
- SS duties: intelligence gathering, policing (carried out by Gestapo), military action (rivalled that of German army)
- created ‘new order’ in occupied territories - e.g. eliminating non-Aryans
outline the Courts (terror state)
- established the Peoples Court in 1934: tried people accused of being traitors, all judges + members were chosen from Nazi institutions (SS, Army, Party)
which groups were the main supporters of the Nazi regime
- wealthy industrialists
- the Mittelstand (lower middle class)
- agricultural workers
- Nazi sympathisers
outline wealthy industrialists as supporters of the N regime
- they benefitted from the banning of the Communist Party (KPD) and Trade Unions, as well as through the expansion of the war economy (manufacture of arms + chemical products)
outline the Mittelstand as supporters of the N regime
- the lower middle class of small businessmen, tradesmen and craftsmen who were threatened by industrialisation, a decline in trade and competition from big businesses
- govt offered low interest rate loans (from the money confiscated from the J businesses)
- the Law for the Protection of Retail Trade 1933 increased the market for smaller businesses
outline Nazi sympathisers as supporters of the N regime
- Nazis were popular with people whose prejudices they shared - e.g .of Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, Communists
- these G people became informers, ran H youth groups or were officials for the DAF
outline agricultural workers as supporters of the N regime
- the Nazi regime idealised peasants + farmers as the embodiment of trad G values
- Nazis assisted the agricultural sector (inc tariffs on food imports)
- farmers’ income inc by 41%
- the Reich Food Estate regulated food production + distribution, as well as food prices + wages
outline aspects of the social + economic policies that helped the N regime survive
- revival of the economy
- social opportunities + rewards
- diplomatic success
- these contributed to society’s acceptance/ support or tolerance of the regime
outline revival of the economy in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- under Hitler, unemployment fell (7% by 1936) and wages rose (around 1% per year) for industrial workers
- standards of living improved for many people in G
- BUT, real wages (wages adjusted to the rate of inflation) actually fell
outline diplomatic success in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- diplomatic = international negotiations
- support came from many Germans who saw the Nazis as reversing the effects of the Treaty of Versailles + asserting German power in Europe
- 1935 militarisation: the existence of Luftwaffe was declared + a peacetime army of 550,000 - G singed a naval agreement with Britain allowing G to have a navy of 35% strength of the British fleet
- 1936: reoccupation of the demilitarised Rhineland
- 1938 Anschluss with Austria
outline the reoccupation of the Rhineland
- in March 1936
- Hitler ordered his troops to reoccupy the Rhineland
- the Treat of Versailles and the Locarno Treaty were both overturned
outline social opportunities + rewards in helping the regime (social + economic policy)
- mothers: were rewarded with having children (e.g. Mothers Cross, better welfare)
- workers were rewarded with free trips with the Strength through Joy scheme (set up by DAF) - e.g. subsidised holidays
- these were opportunities for Nazis to push their propaganda messages, although they reinforced the image as a caring Govt
how were mediums of mass culture not suppressed in Nazi culture
- under Nazi rule, there was continued use of mass popular culture + mass communication methods to further N ideas
- Nazis made a genuine cultural contribution in terms of film - Goebbels recognised an importance of film as entertainment (only if in alignment with Nazi ideas)
outline the aims of Nazi culture
- culture was used as a tool to facilitate support for the Nazi regime
- to glorify the regime, to spread N ideology, and to win over the people, establish G nationalism etc
outline the role of Emmy Goering
- wife of Hermann Goering (Economic Minister)
- in her privileged position, she supported the repressive Nazi policies for women
- she represented the ideal image of a women; submissive, loyal, traditional wife + mother
- she was nicknamed ‘First Lady of the Third Reich’ due to her high social status + association with leading Nazis
outline the Berlin Olympics
- hosted in 1936
- the stadium was invested in by Hitler - showed his love for architecture
- Germany won the 1936 Berlin Olympics
- Jewish athletes were excluded
between -, intimidation was used extensively, e.g. - supporters of left wing parties were arrested
- between 1933-34, intimidation was used extensively, e.g. 150-200,000 supporters of left wing parties were arrested
in _, there was a mass murder in _ in which more than _ died
- in 1942, there was a mass murder in Auschwitz in which more than 21,000 died
