Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 170 - LIFESTYLE HEALTH AND WELLNESS > Weight Management (EXAM C) > Flashcards

Weight Management (EXAM C) Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of Canadian adults have a healthy body weight?

A
  • about 38%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some reasons Canadians’ fitness levels have plummeted?

A
  • increased screen time in front of TVs and computers at home and work.
  • greater dependence on cars.
  • increased availability of convenience foods.
  • deterioration in the quantity and quality of physical education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

By 2021, what is the estimated % of males and females that will be overweight?

A
  • females: 50%

- males: 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is body composition?

A
  • relative amount of fat mass (essential and storage) vs the amount of fat-free mass (bone, muscle, organs, water-in-the body)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is subcutaneous fat?

A
  • the fat just beneath the skin

- critical for normal body function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is visceral fat?

A
  • the fat inside the. abdominal wall and around the internal organs
  • an excess leads to a greater risk of heart disease, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ectopic fat?

A
  • the fat located on or within organs, such as the liver, heart, and brain
  • increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is body max index?

A
  • a measure of relative body weight that takes height into account and is highly correlated with more direct measures of body fat
  • calculated by dividing total body weight in kg by the square of height in meters
  • applies to adults only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What BMI number indicates being underweight?

A
  • < 18.5 (less than)

- under nutrition, osteoporosis, & infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What BMI number indicates being a normal weight?

A
  • 18.5-24.9

- few health risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What BMI number indicates being overweight?

A
  • 25-29.9

- Risks include Type II diabetes, hypertension, CVD, certain cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What BMI number indicates being obese?

A
  • > 30
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does it mean to be overweight?

A
  • body weight that falls above the recommended range for good health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean to be obese?

A
  • the condition of having an excess of non-essential body fat
  • having a body mass index of 30 or greater or having a body fat percentage greater than 25% for men and 33% for women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some limitations to BMI?

A
  • muscular individuals may easily be considered overweight

- not useful for growing children, women who are pregnant or nursing or the elderly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is waist circumference used?

A
  • Used with BMI as a practical indicator of excess abdominal fat and associated risks
  • associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, Type II diabetes, and hypertension in Caucasian men and women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What methods can be used to assess body composition?

A
  • skin fold fat measurement
  • hydrostatic weighing & bod pod
  • bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
  • dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the ideal body fat percentage for men and women?

A
  • men: 7-25%

- women: 16-35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the skin fold thickness assessment?

A
  • a Caliper is used to measure subcutaneous fat; various sites (3-9) on the body are measured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the limitation to skin fold thickness assessment?

A
  • need flawless procedure, proper formula, body fat distribution isn’t the same everywhere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the bod pod assess body composition?

A
  • air displacement plethysmograph which uses whole-body densitometry
  • Fast, non-invasive, correlates well with hydrostatic weighing
  • well suited for special populations (children, elderly, obese, disabled)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some limitations to the bod pod?

A
  • requires strict protocol attire (bathing suit/spandex shorts or equivalent + bathing cap)
  • hydration status and increases in muscle temperature can influence results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is hydrostatic weighing?

A
  • technique for measuring the mass per unit volume of a living person’s body
  • theory that an object displaces its own volume of water.
24
Q

What are the limitations to hydrostatic weighing?

A
  • expensive and requires a lot of space

- subjects must completely submerge themselves underwater and expel all of the air in their lungs

25
Q

What is bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A
  • low-level electrical current is passed through the body and impedance (Z) or opposition to the flow of the current is measured.
  • resistance to flow is greater in individuals with large amts of body fat b/c adipose tissue is poor conductor of electrical current
26
Q

What are some limitations to bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A
  • 10% error rate

- significant changes in body water (water is a good conductor of electricity)

27
Q

What is dual-energy x-ray

absorptiometry (DEXA)?

A
  • X-rays are used to quantify the skeletal and soft-tissue components of body mass
  • only 3% error rate
28
Q

What are some limitations to dual-energy x-ray

absorptiometry?

A
  • expensive, limited available, few technicians
29
Q

How is lean body mass calculated?

A
  • Body Fat in lbs = (Total Body wt) x (Body Fat % in decimal form)
  • Lean Body Mass = Total Body wt - Body Fat in lbs.
30
Q

Is obesity simply due to an energy imbalance (i.e. Kcal intake > Kcal expenditure)?

A
  • its not as simple as that
31
Q

Is obesity all genetic?

A
  • genes are a component but not the be all end all
32
Q

Does physical activity lead to long-term fat loss?

A
  • yes, but nutrition is important too
33
Q

What percentage of Canadian children are obese?

A
  • 1/3
  • rates are rising in children as young as two
  • in Sask; 29%
  • up to 70% of obese children will grow to be obese adults
34
Q

How do genetics contribute to excess body fat?

A
  • Estimates of the genetic contribution to obesity vary widely, from 25-40%
  • 600 genes have been identified and associated with obesity
  • genes influence body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate
35
Q

What is the probabilities of lean/obese parents having lean/obese children are:

A
  • Lean x Lean = 90% lean, 10% obese
  • Lean x Obese = 60% lean, 40% obese
  • Obese x Obese = 20% lean, 80% obese
36
Q

What causes obesity?

A
  • genetic predisposition or children with obese parents tend to be obese themselves
  • ghrelin: hormone that stimulates appetite
37
Q

What is gherlin?

A
  • a hormone that is produced and released mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain
  • ‘hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage
38
Q

What is leptin? (1994)

A
  • a protein produced adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat) that is a hormone acting mainly in the regulation of appetite and fat storage
39
Q

What does leptin do?

A
  • key role in increasing satiety and energy expenditure through hypothalamus action
  • stimulated by insulin, estrogen, glucocorticoids
  • inhibited by androgens, growth hormone, FFA
40
Q

How is metabolism a factor in contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • key factor in the regulation of body fat and body weight and is influenced by heredity, behaviour, weight loss or gain, and exercise
41
Q

How are hormones a factor in contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • play a role in the accumulation of body fat, particularly in women during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause (estrogen, testosterone)
42
Q

How are fat cells a factor in contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • amount of fat stored is function of number and size of fat cells
  • can vary in size (20-200 micrometers)
  • the smallest fat cells found in abdominal deposits
43
Q

What is juvenile-onset obesity?

A
  • develops in infancy or childhood
  • increase in the number of adipose cells
  • adipose cells have long lifespan and need to store fat
  • makes it difficult to lose fat (weight loss)
44
Q

What is adult onset obesity?

A
  • increase in the number of adipose cells
  • adipose cells are larger (store excess amount of fat)
  • if weight gain continues, more adipose cells develop
45
Q

What are the three types of adipose cells?

A
  • intracellular
  • intraorgan
  • subcutaneous
46
Q

Can adipose cells be sex specific?

A
  • yes
  • men = trunks
  • women = limbs, abdominal fat after menopause
47
Q

What is android obesity?

A
  • characterized by excess abdominal fat, fat is found in the abdominal wall and visceral mesentery
  • more common in men
  • associated with glucose intolerance, diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk.
48
Q

What is gynoid obesity?

A
  • characterized by excess hip/femoral fat
  • more common in women
  • can increase the risk of breast cancer developing, or CVD
49
Q

How is eating calorie-dense foods a factor in contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • foods containing high-fat and high-sugar, relying on fast food or packaged convenience food, and restaurant portion sizes contribute to our overweight and obese society.
50
Q

How is lack of physical activity a factor in contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • has been declining in Canadians, as schools have cut back on physical education and recess, and most adults are inactive throughout the day.
  • on avg North Americans exercise 15 min/day and watch 170 min of TV!
51
Q

What are two main lifestyle factors that contribute the excess body fat?

A
  • eating calorie-dense foods

- lack of physical activity

52
Q

What are some general factors contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • genetic, physiological, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors
53
Q

What is the main psychosocial factor contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • food as a means of coping

- eating can provide a powerful distraction from difficult feelings (boredom, anxiety, sadness, etc.)

54
Q

What are some psychosocial factors contributing to excess body fat?

A
  • food as a means of coping
  • socioeconomic status
  • When food is an integral part of familial or cultural gatherings and celebrations
55
Q

Why don’t diets work?

A
  • treatment requires long-term lifestyle changes, many people can’t commit
56
Q

What is body image?

A
  • the mental representation a person holds about his or her body at any given moment in time
  • perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about the body
57
Q

What is resting metabolic rate?

A
  • the energy required to maintain vital body functions

- respiration, heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, while the body is at rest

KIN 170 - LIFESTYLE HEALTH AND WELLNESS (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions