Chronic Diseases (EXAM C) Flashcards
What is osteoporosis?
- a condition in which bones become extremely thin and brittle, and break easily
- low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure
Is osteoporosis a natural part of aging?
- no, but there is an increased risk for women, especially if they are post-menopausal, and over age 65
What is osteoporosis often referred to as?
- the “silent disease”
Why is osteoporosis referred to as the silent disease?
- bone loss occurs without symptoms
- first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones or a sudden strain or bump can break a bone
How can osteoporosis be diagnosed?
- DXA bone density scan
How much of Canadas total healthcare budget is spent annually to treat aging bone loss?
- 2.3 billion dollars
- 1.3% of total dollars
Which demographic experiences the highest rate of hip fractures?
- women who are 50 or older
- roughly $660 million dollars is spent on the demographic annually
A woman’s hip fracture risk equals her combined risk of what?
- breast, uterine and ovarian cancer
How many hospitalizations are there for hip fractures annually?
- 300 000
- recovery can take months or years
How many people with a hip fracture end up in a nursing home?
- 1/5 people end up in a nursing home within a year
Where are the most common breaks in weak bones?
- wrist
- spine
- hip
What are some risk factors or “red flags” associated with osteoporosis?
- smoking
- being underweight
- if a relative has osteoporosis
- if you have broken a bone after 50
- if you drink lot
How can you avoid or prevent osteoporosis?
- ensure you are getting enough calcium and vitamin D
- be physically active daily
- avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
- talk to your doctor about bone health
- have a bone density test and take medication when appropriate
How much vitamin D do healthy adults under age 50 require?
- 200-1000 IU daily
How much vitamin D should you have in a day if you are at risk for osteoporosis or older than 50?
- 800-2000 IU daily
How much calcium do healthy adults under age 50 require?
- 400-1000mg
How much calcium should you have in a day if you are older than 50?
- 1200mg
What is cardiovascular disease? (CVD)
- the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels
How many Canadians are affected by CVD?
- nearly 120 000 Canadian
What is the most common life-threatening manifestation of CVD?
- heart attack and stroke
- claims one life every 7 minutes
- surpass cancer as the leading cause of death
What is the number one killer of Canadian women?
- heart attack
What are some major modifiable risk factors of cardio vascular disease?
- tobacco use
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- diabetes
What is hypertension?
- sustained abnormally high blood pressure
How many Canadians are living with hypertension?
- 5 million
- 40% of people don’t know
How does hypertension affect the body?
- increases CVD risk by 2-3x
- too much force is exerted against arterial walls
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates prehypertension?
- systolic: 120-139
- diastolic: 80-89
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates normal blood pressure?
- systolic: below 120
- diastolic: below 80
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates hypertension stage 1?
- systolic: 140-159
- diastolic: 90-99
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates hypertension stage 2?
- systolic: 160 and above
- diastolic: 100 and above
What does a hypertensive heart look like?
- thickening in walls of ventricles
- blood likely doesn’t flow easily through the ventricles
What causes high blood pressure?
- atherosclerosis (arteries become clogged and narrowed)
- scarred and/or hardened arteries, accelerates plaque build-up
- weakened and enlarged heart
What are some health risks associated with high blood pressure?
- silent killer, strains, weakens, and enlarges the heart
- damages vital organs
- increases the risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness
What are the two typed of hypertension?
- primary hypertension (genetics, environment, lifestyle)
- secondary hypertension (underlying illness)
What is cholesterol?
- cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream
Why is cholesterols important?
- cell membranes
- sex hormones
- vitamin D
- fluid that coats the lungs
- protective sheaths around nerves
What happens when you have excessive cholesterol?
- excessive cholesterol clogs the arteries and increases the risk of CVD
What is Low–density lipoproteins (LDL)?
- bad cholesterol
- shuttle cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)?
- good cholesterol
- shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
- if there is more than the body can use, it is deposited in the blood vessels.
Does being sedentary have effects on the body
- there’s lots but
- it increases your risk for cardiovascular disease
How does exercise lower the risk of cardio vascular disease?
- decreasing blood pressure and resting heart rate
- increasing HDL levels
- maintaining weight
- improving the condition of blood vessels
- helps prevent or control diabetes
What are some non-modifiable risk factors?
- Heredity (cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity)
- aging (over the age of 65)
- being male
What is the ratio of men affected to women affected by cardiovascular disease?
- more men than women die of heart disease and stroke
- 5(m) - 1(f) among 40-49 yr
- 1.2 - 1 among those aged 90 years and older
- inflammation and c-reactive protein
What is C-reactive protein?
- blood protein that responds to inflammation
- synthesized in liver
- individuals with elevated CRP levels are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension
What is angina?
- pain felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back
What is an arrhythmia?
- irregular heartbeat and sudden cardiac death
- if the electrical conduction system of the heart is disrupted, the heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or in an irregular fashion.
What causes a heart attack?
- occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries become blocked
What are some heart attack symptoms?
- chest pain or pressure arm, neck, shoulder, back or jaw pain - difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - excessive sweating; cool clammy skin - nausea and vomiting - loss of consciousness - fear, anxiety, or denial
What is osteopenia?
- low bone mass
- -1SD
- essentially like pre-osteoperosis
What is the Myocardium?
- the muscular tissue of the heart
-
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
- a medical term for heart attack
What is angioplasty?
- surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery
- involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon where your artery is clogged
What is stenting?
- to help prop the artery open and decrease its chance of narrowing again
- permanent placement of a small wire mesh tube called a stent
What type of exercise is better for maintaining the elasticity of the arteries?
- aerobic
What causes a stroke?
- loss of blood supply or bleeding in the brain
What is an Ischemic stroke?
- blockage of a blood vessel that disrupts blood flow to the brain (87% of cases)
- stops the flow of oxygen and brain
- considered a mild traumatic brain injury
- effects may be slight or severe, temporary or permanent
What is a cerebral embolism?
- wandering blood clot (embolus) carried in bloodstream becomes wedged in a cerebral artery and can completely plug.
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
- blood vessels rupture (13% of cases).
- brain tissue begins to die if deprived of oxygen
What is an aneurysm?
- blood-filled pouch balloons out from a weak spot in the wall of an artery – may be result from head injury or bursting of an aneurysm
What are some risk factors for stroke?
- gender (lifetime risk of men is higher, but women die more often)
- age (risk doubles every decade after age 55)
- hypertension
- smoking
- high red blood cell count (thickens blood)
- blood fats (low HDL, high LDL)
- diabetes mellitus (type 2)
- heart disease (clots can travel)
How can you avoid a high red blood cell count?
- stay hydrated
- drink some water you dumb bitch
What is diabetes?
- a chronic disease of elevated blood glucose (hyperglycaemia)
- associated with premature mortality.
- insulin resistance, can’t use it effectively
What is hyperglycaemia?
- seriously damages many of the body’s systems, especially the blood vessels and nerves
What is type one diabetes?
- diabetes arises when the beta cells in the
pancreas fail to produce enough of the hormone
insulin
How many people in the world have type 2 diabetes?
- 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes
Interpretations of blood glucose levels
- slide 55, chronic diseases
What is hypoglycaemia?
- deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream
What are some consequences of diabetes?
- can lead to tissue loss
- kidneys, eyes, peripheral nerves and vascular tree manifest the most significant diabetic complications
- blood vessels in feet in the feet may cause tissues damage
BY 2025, how will Africa, the eastern mediterranean, the Middle East, and south-east Asia be affected?
- number of people with diabetes is expected to more than double in these countries
How many people in the world currently have diabetes world wide?
- currently more than 230 million people with diabetes worldwide
- estimated to increase to 350 million by 2025.
in 2003, what were the top five countries with the largest numbers of persons with diabetes?
- India (35.5 million)
- China (23.8 million)
- USA (16 million)
- Russia (9.7 million)
- Japan (6.7 million).
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in Europe?
- 20%
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in North America?
- 50%
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in the western pacific?
- 75%
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% south and Central America?
- 85%
How will developing countries be affected by the diabetes epidemic?
- there will be a projected increase of a 170% of cases
How many healthcare dollars are used on diabetes annually?
- at least $153 billion
- accounts for between 5% and 10% of total healthcare, and up to 25% in some countries
If predictions of diabetes prevalence are fulfilled, total direct healthcare expenditure on diabetes worldwide will be …?
- between $213-$396 billion in 2025.
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
- physical inactivity
- overweight and obesity
- age
- family history
- urbanisation
- environment
- high-fat and low-fibre diet
- low birth weight
What is insulin resistance?
- a state in which a given level of insulin produces a less than expected biological effect
- underlying feature of both the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
What are some associated risk factors with insulin resistance?
- increased risk of cardiovascular disease and are often present before the onset of type 2 diabetes
What is the link between obesity and insulin resistance?
- appears that excess fat increases insulin resistance, raising blood glucose levels and the likelihood of developing diabetes
- causally linked
What is the purpose of glucose entering your muscle cells?
- creating ATP
Is cancer the leading cause of death?
- no, it is second to heart disease
What is the ratio of cancer deaths in Canada?
- responsible for one in four deaths
How many cancer related deaths are there each year in Canada?
- 73,500 deaths annually
How many people are diagnosed with cancer each day?
- 476 diagnoses each day
What is cancer?
- an abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells that can lead to death
- cells may also spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system (malignant)
What is a tumour?
- a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
What is the benign tumour?
- a mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues
- non-cancerous, non-spreading, slightly abnormal, not life-threatening
What is a malignant tumour?
- has the ability to invade surrounding tissues
- cancerous, capable of spreading
- infiltration or invasion
How does cancer begin?
- every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not
What is the difference between cancer cells and your bodies normal cells?
- cancer cells have larger nuclei, vary in size/shape, divide more often
What is step one in tumour development?
- development begins when a cell sustains a genetic mutation that increases its propensity to divide when it would normally rest
What is step two in tumour development?
- the altered cell and its descendants continue to look normal but to reproduce too much (hyperplasia)
- after years, one in a million of these altered cells suffers another mutation that further loosens controls on cell growth
What is step three in tumour development?
- the descendants of this cell appear abnormal in shape
- the tissue is now said to exhibit dysplasia
- after time, a rare mutation that alters cell’s behaviour occurs
What is step four in tumour development?
- becomes more abnormal in growth and appearance
- if it has not broken through tissue, it is know as in situ cancer
What is step five in tumour development?
- if genetic changes allow the tumour to begin invading underlying tissue and she cells into the blood or lymph, the mass is then considered malignant
- these cells can now establish new tumours throughout the body
What is hyperplasia?
- enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells
What is dysplasia?
- the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue
- he abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
What is in situ cancer?
- pre-cancer that hasn’t penetrated basement membrane
- MD will remove to prevent tumour growth and spread
What is invasive cancer?
- without treatment, cancer cells continue to grow, replacing healthy cells
What is metastasizing?
- the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
- the traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
What are primary tumours?
- the original location of cancer
- attaches to a blood vessel or lymph node
- they can then pass through the lining of the lymph or blood vessel
What are secondary tumours?
- new tumours resulting from metastases
What is stage 0 cancer?
- early cancer that is present only in the layer of cells where it originated
What is stage 1-3 cancer?
- more extensive cancer
- greater tumour size
- cancer has potentially spread to near by lymph nodes or organs adjacent to the primary tumour
What is stage 4 cancer?
- advanced cancer the has spread to another organ
- aka you’re probably going to fucking die homie
How are types of cancers identified?
- classified according to types of cells that give rise to them
What is carcinoma cancer?
- starts in the epithelium (tissue that lines the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body)
- most common – skin, breast, uterus, prostate, lungs, GI, etc.
What is sarcoma cancer?
- form in the supporting or connective tissues of the body
- bones, muscle, blood vessels
What is leukaemia?
- begins in the blood-forming tissues/cells
- bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
What s lymphoma?
- arise in the cells of the lymph system (lymph nodes) - part of body’s infection-fighting system
What are some causes of cancer?
- inactivity and obesity
- carcinogens in the environment
How does inactivity and obesity potentially cause cancer?
- maintain a healthy weight by balancing caloric intake with physical activity can be a preventative
How does carcinogens in the environment potentially cause cancer?
- microbes
- ingested chemicals
- environmental and industrial pollution
- radiation
What are the seven major warning signs of cancer?
CAUTION
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lumps in the breast or else where
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in wart of mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
