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NUR 220 > Weight Management > Flashcards

Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

Overweight and Obesity

A

Conditions characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.
Result from a complex combination of biological, psychological, environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors

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2
Q

Obesity

A

a chronic metabolic disease that is extremely difficult to treat

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3
Q

Causes of Obesity

A 
Heredity
Usage of drugs
High calorie foods
Sedentary lifestyle
Midlife weight gain
Hypothyroidism
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4
Q

10 Most obese countries

A 
U.S.A - 33.8%
New Zealand - 26.5
Australia - 24.6%
Czech Republic - 24.2%
United Arab Emirates - 23%
Slovakia - 23%
Norway - 22.4%
Canada - 22%
Germany - 20.2%
Hungary - 18.8%
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5
Q

Adipose cells store extra energy from…?

A

triglyceride (fat).

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6
Q

As more excess energy is consumed, …

A

fat cells continue to store it as fat and increase in size.

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7
Q

Defining Overweight and Obese

A

Height and weight tables are no longer used to determine whether a person is overweight or obese.

The body mass index (BMI) is used to determine if a person weighs too much.

BMI is a ratio of height to weight.

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8
Q

Body Mass Index

A

To calculate BMI, multiply weight (lbs) by 705; then divide the number by height in inches squared.
BMIs less than 18.5 are in the underweight range.
BMIs between 18.5 and 24.9 are considered healthy.
BMIs between 25.0 to 29.9 are within the overweight range.
BMIs over 30.0 are in the obese range.
BMIs of 40 or more are referred to as morbid, extreme, or super obese.

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9
Q

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity

A

In the United States, the prevalence of excess body fat has reached epidemic proportions.
In 1980, almost 50% of adults were overweight or obese.
By 2014, 70% of adults were overweight or obese.

American children are growing fatter, too.

The WHO recognizes obesity as a worldwide health problem (globesity).

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10
Q

Overweight and obese people have higher than average risks of:

A 
Osteoarthritis
Sleep apnea
Gallbladder disease
Carpal tunnel syndrome 
Gout 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Heart disease
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11
Q

Health Risks

A

Fertility problems
Gestational diabetes, hypertension during pregnancy, and giving birth to babies with birth defects
Interference with daily activities like walking, carrying, kneeling, and stooping
Psychological depression, particularly among obese women

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12
Q

The body expends 50% to 70% of calories to fuel vital metabolic activities, including:

A 
Building and repairing tissues
Breathing 
Circulating and filtering blood
Producing and transporting substances
Maintaining body temperature
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13
Q

Factors that influence metabolic rate include:

A 
Genetics
Hormones 
Thyroid hormone
Proportion of muscle to fat
Gender
Age
Exercise
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14
Q

Calories are needed to move skeletal muscles.

A 
Number of calories used is influenced by: 
Type of activity
Duration
Intensity
Size of person
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15
Q

Energy for Physical Activities

A

The amount of energy needed for physical activity depends on the activity, its duration, and intensity.

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16
Q

Physical activities include:

A

Sport types of exercise
Movement for daily living
Spontaneous muscular movement

17
Q

Health experts recommend that adults perform at least:

A

30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity daily.

18
Q

Caloric Cost of Living: TEF

A

Energy expended for physical activity and vital energy needs require about 90% of body’s energy use.

After eating a meal, the body needs a small amount of energy to digest, absorb, and process nutrients from food.

Thermic effect of food (TEF) accounts for less than 10% of total energy needs.

19
Q

Energy Balance: When:

A

Caloric intake equals caloric output, weight is maintained.
Caloric intake is more than caloric output, weight gain occurs.
Caloric intake is less than caloric output, weight loss occurs.
One pound of fat represents about 3,500 calories.

20
Q

Body Composition: Healthy adults consist of:

A

About 60% water
6% to 22% protein
3% minerals
Remaining weight is mostly fat

21
Q

Body Composition: Body fat for healthy adults

A

About one-half of an average person’s fat is subcutaneous.

“Cellulite” does not exist; it is the same as other fat.

22
Q

Estimating Body Fat: Distribution of fat is a more important risk factor than percentage of fat.

A

“Apple-shapes”
More fat in the central part of body than below waist
Greater risk of serious health problems

“Pear-shapes”
Have excess body fat below waist
Lower risk of serious health problems than when fat is centrally located

23
Q

Waist Circumference

A

People who have large fat deposits in abdomen (apple shaped) tend to have greater risk for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease than those who have more fat below the waist (pear shaped)

Men- greater than 40 inches
Women- greater than 35 inches

24
Q

Causes of Obesity: Genetics

A

Genes code for:
Body frame
Fat distribution
Hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism.
Some people have “thrifty metabolisms” that tend to conserve energy as fat.

25
Q

Causes of Obesity: Biological Influences

A

According to the set point theory, the level of body fat is genetically preset.

Hunger is the physiological drive to seek and eat food.

Appetite is the psychological desire to eat specific foods.

Satiety is the feeling that enough food has been eaten to relieve hunger and turn off appetite.

26
Q

The composition of the diet can affect body weight.

A

Excess calories from carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol can result in weight gain.
A high-fat diet is associated with overeating and gaining body fat.

27
Q

Causes of Obesity: Other Influences

A

A variety of environmental, social, and psychological factors promote overeating.
Portion sizes have increased.
Certain types of restaurants encourage overeating.
Fast food and family-style restaurants often promote “super-sized” portions as bargains.
Advertising makes food look more appealing.
Food availability and convenience, e.g., pizza delivery 24 hours a day

Tendency to overeat during holidays and family gatherings

Sedentary lifestyles
Moods

28
Q

Weight Management

A

Balance food intake with energy expenditure.

29
Q

Avoid fad diets.

A 
Usually result in temporary weight loss
Promote gimmicks
Often are nutritionally inadequate
Fasting may be dangerous
Increase physical activity.
Change eating and physical activity habits for life.
30
Q

Role of Physical Activity

A

Daily exercise helps people lose or maintain weight.
Exercise for at least 30 minutes per day.
Physical activities such as walking, jogging, biking, swimming are recommended; choose enjoyable ones.
People over age 40 should obtain approval of personal physician before beginning a vigorous exercise program.

31
Q

Surgical methods

A

Gastric bypass

Liposuction

32
Q

Medications

A

Appetite suppressants

Fat absorption reduction (small intestine)

33
Q

Sensible and safe weight loss plans

A

Medically and nutritionally sound
Include practical ways to engage in physical activity
Adaptable to psychological and social needs
Can be followed for a lifetime

34
Q

Successful Weight Loss Strategies

A

Set realistic weight loss goals.

Emphasize behavior modification – lifestyle changes.

Follow the MyPlate guidelines.

Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily.

Seek family or other forms of social support.

Include long-term plan for maintaining new weight.

35
Q

To gain weight by increasing lean tissue

A

Need at least 700–1,000 additional calories per day
Eat three meals per day plus snacks.
No more than 30% calories from fat

36
Q

Weight Gain

A

Perform muscle-building exercise.

Maintain effort over long term.

37
Q

Across the Life Span

A

Low-calorie or fat-restricted diets are not recommended for children under 2 years of age.

Overweight children need more physical activity.

Contrary to conventional wisdom, elderly persons may enjoy good health and live longer by being overweight and even obese.
Serve as energy source
Can protect from serious internal injuries in the event of a fall

NUR 220 (5 decks)

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