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NUR 220 > Basic Nutrition > Flashcards

Basic Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

A healthy, balanced diet includes these three major nutrients (macronutrients)

A

carbohydrate, protein, fat

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2
Q

Which foods provide more of the essential nutrients that we’re often lacking?

A

fruit, vegetables, whole grains and seafood

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3
Q

Bread, cereal, fruit and vegetables are the best source of which important nutrient?

A

carbohydrate

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4
Q

Chicken, legumes (dried beans and peas), fish, soy foods and eggs are a good source of which nutrient?

A

protein

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5
Q

Which foods are part of the dairy group?

A

milk, cheese and yogurt

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6
Q

Use these plate proportions for healthy meal planning

A

½ vegetables and fruit, ¼ protein, ¼ whole grains

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7
Q

Which nutrient has the most calories per gram of weight?

A

fat

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8
Q

Which type of fat helps promote a healthy heart and cardiovascular system?

A

mono-unsaturated

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9
Q

Healthier types of fat are typically

A

liquid at room temperature

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10
Q

Which food components provide little nutritional value and can be harmful when we eat too much?

A

salt, sugar, cholesterol

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11
Q

Which of the following are sugar-sweetened beverages that provide little to no nutritional value?

A

fruit juice drinks

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12
Q

Which type of grain is the healthiest and contains the most natural nutrients?

A

whole grains

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13
Q

What percentage of our grain intake (bread, cereal, rice, pasta, crackers) should be whole grains to support overall good health?

A

50%

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14
Q

Diet

A

refers to one’s usual pattern of food choices

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15
Q

What type of significant risk factors will a poor diet result in?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Obesity
Certain cancers

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16
Q

Nutrients

A 
substances in food needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of cells.
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
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17
Q

Non-nutrients

A

naturally occurring substances in foods that have no nutritional value, but still provide beneficial effects on the body.
Phytochemicals
Antioxidants

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18
Q

Natural foods

A

minimally processed and contain no artificial additives such as synthetic colors or flavors

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19
Q

Organic foods

A

grown w/out the use of man-made pesticides and fertilizers

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20
Q

Functional foods

A

fortified or enriched foods that have potentially beneficial effect on health

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21
Q

Probiotics

A

live bacteria that may benefit health

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22
Q

Digestion

A

process of breaking down complex food molecules into nutrients that the body can use.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and participate in the process of digestion.

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23
Q

Absorption

A

the passage of nutrients through the walls of the intestines and eventually into the bloodstream

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24
Q

Water-Soluble nutrients

A

dissolve in water and are processed by the kidneys, excess are excreted in the urine. (Vit Bs, C)

25
Q

Fat-soluble nutrients

A

are stored in the liver and body fat; therefore, they can accumulate and reach toxic levels. (Vit A, D, E, K)

26
Q

Energy: Metabolism

A

refers to all of the chemical changes (reactions) that take place within the body

27
Q

What is a unit of energy

A

calorie

28
Q

What contains calories?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol contain calories.

29
Q

What can’t the body extract energy from?

A

vitamins, minerals, and water

30
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

sugars, including mono- and disaccharides

31
Q

Complex carbohydrates (starches)

A

contains hundreds of glucose molecules

32
Q

Carbohydrates should make up what?`

A

45% to 65% of calories, primarily from complex, high-fiber foods

33
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

Higher in fiber and digest more slowly.

Ex) vegetables, whole grains, legumes.

34
Q

Lipids

A

Includes triglycerides and cholesterol
Some dietary fat is necessary for health.
More concentrated form of calories
Mono/polyunsaturated vs. saturated

35
Q

Lipids and Health

A

High-fat diet is related to weight gain.
Diets high in saturated fat are linked to high blood cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
Unsaturated fat consumption is linked to lower risk of heart disease.
Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce heart disease risk and improve joint mobility.
Mediterranean vs. Western diet

36
Q

Trans fatty acids

A

produced when vegetable oil is chemically changed through a process known as hydrogenation; they act like saturated fats in the body.

37
Q

Fat substitutes

A

such as Olestra, Oatrim, and Simplesse, may produce unpleasant side effects and interfere with the absorption of certain vitamins.

38
Q

Protein

A

Builds, maintains, and repairs cells
Made up of amino acids (11 non-essential, 9 essential)
Animal proteins vs. plant proteins
Proteins and health
15% to 20% of your total daily intake should be protein.

39
Q

Vegetarian diets

A

contain little or no animal foods; protein sources are grains, legumes, and other non-animal sources.

40
Q

Protein and Health

A

Excess protein is not used to build bigger muscles.

Extra amino acids can be used for energy or converted to fat and stored.

41
Q

Food Allergy

A

is the result of the immune system’s inappropriate response to harmless proteins (allergens) in foods.

42
Q

What proteins are likely to cause allergic reactions?

A

Proteins in cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soybeans, fish, and shellfish

43
Q

What results in inflammation of the lining of the small intestine?

A

Hypersensitivity to gluten, a protein in wheat, rye, and barley.
The body cannot absorb nutrients from food as a result.

44
Q

Vitamins

A

Needed to regulate growth; release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; and maintain tissues
Do not supply energy to the body
Fat-soluble vs. water soluble

45
Q

Antioxidants

A

protect the chemical structure of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the destructive effects of certain substances called free radicals.

46
Q

Minerals

A

Elements, such as calcium, iron, and sodium
They have a wide variety of roles in the body.
Examples: calcium, iron, magnesium

47
Q

Calcium

A

Most plentiful mineral in the body
Low intake increases risk for osteoporosis.
Estrogen stimulates bones to maintain their mass and retain calcium.
Vitamin D and magnesium are also important for bone health.

48
Q

Iron

A

Found in hemoglobin, the substance in blood that transports oxygen. Cells need oxygen to release the energy stored in glucose.
Premenopausal women are at risk of iron deficiency.

People with anemia often report feeling tired because their cells are unable to obtain adequate amounts of energy.

49
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

an inherited condition that increases blood iron levels, which can damage organs.

50
Q

Water

A

Essential for life

Dissolves and transports materials, eliminates wastes, lubricates joints, and participates in chemical reactions.
Dehydration is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.
Most people can maintain fluid and mineral balance by eating a variety of foods and drinking water before and during activity.

51
Q

The Basics of a Healthy Diet

A

To obtain a nutritious diet, people should eat a variety of nutritious foods daily.
Nutritional adequacy and balance are the two key features of a nutritious diet.
The best approach is to mostly consume food with high-quality nutrients, such as vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, and to limit foods associated with health risk, such refined grains, added sugar, and trans fats.

52
Q

Balanced meals

A 
Grains - Make Half your Grains Whole
6-8 oz. equivalents 
Vegetables - Vary your Veggies
2.5 – 3 cups
Fruits - Focus on Fruits
1.5 – 2 cups
Dairy - Get Calcium-Rich Foods
3 cups (fat-free or low fat)
Protein - Go Lean with Protein
5.5 – 6.5 oz. equivalents
53
Q

Malnutrition

A

when diets supply inadequate or excessive amounts of nutrients

54
Q

Undernutrition

A

occurs when diet does not contain enough nutrients.

14.5% of U.S. households

55
Q

Overnutrition

A

results from consuming excessive amounts of nutrients

56
Q

Pregnancy

A

A woman’s nutritional status prior to conception has a significant impact on the health of her baby.
Folate (folic acid) deficiency during early pregnancy has been linked with neural tube defects such as spina bifida in newborns.
Breastfeeding offers many advantages to infants and their mothers.

57
Q

Adolescents are more likely to become what?

A

overly concerned about body size and shape and, as a result, may experiment with dietary supplements or limit nutritious foods in an effort to lose weight.

58
Q

Elderly persons may consume poor diets because?

A

they have limited incomes or conditions such as arthritis that make it difficult to prepare meals.

59
Q

What else contributes to poor nutritional status among elderly?

A

Depression and lonliness

NUR 220 (5 decks)

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