Weeks 9-10

Question 1

what is morphology

Answer 1

the particular form, shape, or structure of the organism

Question 2

what are 4 different species concepts (How do u tell different lizards apart)

Answer 2

Morphological (shape characteristics)
Biological (likeliness to have offspring)
Ecological (niche or geographical area)
Genetic (genetic differences)

Question 3

how would u measure biological species concepts

Answer 3

mating calls, rituals, dewlap colour

Question 4

what is an endemic species

Answer 4

native species that are found only in a specific habitat within a given area.

Question 5

TF a geographic barrier will always cause reproductive isolation

Answer 5

F, it will sometimes but not for every organism

Question 6

what is an allopatric species

Answer 6

speciation that happens when two populations of the same species become isolated from each other due to geographic barriers

Question 7

separation of population by physical structures is called

Answer 7

vicariance

Question 8

what is resource partitioning

Answer 8

using resources that other organisms are not using

Question 9

TF Lizards living in different habitats may be
reproductively isolated enough to diverge into
different species

Answer 9

T

Question 10

what is Sympatric speciation

Answer 10

when two groups of the same species evolve differently in the same area and become separate species

Question 11

what factors can affect sympatric speciation

Answer 11

Difference in habitat (even if the areas are close)
Mutations (meiosis and mitosis errors)

Question 12

why do triploid individuals usually fail to produce gametes

Answer 12

because homologous chromosomes cannot line up during meiosis 1

Question 13

why will polyploids likely survive in plants but not in animals

Answer 13

Tetraploid hybrids are likely to evolve into new species but are reproductively isolated from
other species

Question 14

what are Prezygotic barriers

Answer 14

Mechanisms that blocks reproduction from taking place before the zygote is formed.

Question 15

what are some examples of a prezygotic barrier

Answer 15

Habitat isolation/spatial isolation/geographic
isolation
* Temporal isolation
* Behavioral isolation
* Gametic barrier
* Mechanical isolation
* Pollinator isolation/floral isolation

Question 16

what is a postzygotic barrier

Answer 16

Mechanisms that blocks reproduction from taking place after the zygote is formed.

Question 17

what are 2 examples of postzygotic barriers

Answer 17

-Hybrid inviability(which reduces a hybrid’s capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult)
-Hybrid sterility(animals of two different species mate, their hybrid offspring can be unhealthy or sterile.)

Question 18

what is one benefit that a hybrid zygote has

Answer 18

contain genes from two different species they can allow for rapid evolution

Question 19

what is Adaptive radiation

Answer 19

rapid speciation from a small number of species into numerous different species

Question 20

what is the hybrid zone

Answer 20

The geographic area where two closely related
species continue to interact and reproduce.

Question 21

what are the 3 types of hybrid zones

Answer 21

reinforcement (Y)
Fusion (Diamond)
Stability (Y that forks straight)

Question 22

what is the reinforcement hybrid zone

Answer 22

Species continues to diverge until no hybridization can occur

Question 23

what is fusion hybrid zones

Answer 23

reproductive barriers weaken until the species becomes one

Question 24

what is stability hybrid zones

Answer 24

Fit hybrids continue to reproduce

Question 25

what are the 2 rates of speciation

Answer 25

gradual speciation punctuated equilibrium

Question 26

what is gradual speciation

Answer 26

a species diverge gradually overtime in small steps

Question 27

what is punctuated equilibrium

Answer 27

new species undergoes changes quickly from the parent species, and then remains largely unchanged for a long time

Question 28

what is 1 thing thats absolutely necessary for speciation

Answer 28

reproductive isolataion

Question 29

what is genetic diversity

Answer 29

Genotype diversity/variation among individuals within the same population and species.

Question 30

what factors determine genetic diversity

Answer 30

- Mode of reproduction: Sexual vs. asexual * Population size * Chance events and genetic drift * Gene flow (immigration and emigration) * Mutation rate * Natural selection * Sexual selection

Question 31

what is ecosystem diversity

Answer 31

The number, size and variation of different ecosystems and habitats within an area or region

Question 32

what factors determine ecosystem diveristy

Answer 32

- Topography * Climate * Disturbance * Species diversity

Question 33

what is species diversity (2 things)

Answer 33

- Species richness: The number of species in an area. - Species evenness: The relative abundance of a species in an area.

Question 34

what is the formula to determine # of species in an area

Answer 34

immigration + speciation - emigration – extinction = the number of species in an area

Question 35

what factors determine species diversity

Answer 35

- Distance to source populations (e.g. mainland) * The nature of the matrix (the non-habitat area between the source population and the “island”) * The dispersal ability of a species.

Question 36

what factors determine speciation

Answer 36

Factors that affect reproductive isolation! * Ecosystem/habitat/resource diversity (available niches) * Geographic barriers/topography * Mutations/genetic errors/polyploidy * Hybridization * Genetic diversity and population size * Genetic drift (chance events) * Changes in selection pressures * Time

Question 37

what factors determine extinction

Answer 37

- Available resources * Predators * Competitors * Climate * Disturbance * Natural disasters

Question 38

what does diversity index do

Answer 38

takes both species richness (number of species) and evenness (abundance) into account.

Question 39

what is alpha diversity

Answer 39

The number of species in a local area

Question 40

what is gamma diveristy

Answer 40

The total number of species in a larger area/region

Question 41

what is beta diversity

Answer 41

gamma / alpha

Question 42

what things do we take into account when talking about ecosystem health and integrity

Answer 42

natural process native vs introduced species natural disturbances ecosystem services functional and structural diversity

Question 43

what is used to help indirectly measure the health of an ecosystem

Answer 43

indicator species

Question 44

how would we chose an ecosystem to perserve

Answer 44

one with high diversity but low invasive species

Question 45

what is an example of structural diversity

Answer 45

root depth

Question 46

what is functional diversity

Answer 46

refers to the variety of skills, abilities, roles, and functional capacities within a group

Question 47

what is a trophic level

Answer 47

the group of organisms within an ecosystem which occupy the same level in a food chain

Question 48

what are the scales of diversity

Answer 48

local --> regional --> global

Question 49

TF Biodiversity tend to be high near the equator and low close to the poles

Answer 49

T (latitudinal diversity gradient)

Question 50

what are abiotic factors

Answer 50

non-living factors that impact an ecosystem, such as wind, rain, temperature, and soil.

Question 51

why do the tropics have such higher biodiversity than the tundra

Answer 51

warmer/more sun, longer growing szn, low disturbances and stable climate conditions

Question 52

what is productivity in terms of an ecosystem

Answer 52

is the rate of growth and production of biomass in an ecosystem

Question 53

what is primary vs secondary productivity

Answer 53

primary = plant growth secondary = animal growth

Question 54

what factors can increase speciation rate in the tropics

Answer 54

high productivity high temp high biodiversity few disturbances

Question 55

what is the cradle hypothesis

Answer 55

evolutionary hypothesis: high speciation rate may explain why the tropics has more species than the tundra

Question 56

what is the museum hypothesis

Answer 56

Speciation has taken place over a longer time in the tropics which may explain why it has more species than the tundra

Question 57

what is the productivity hypothesis

Answer 57

increased productivity means more resources and niches - supports many diff species, less competition = lower rates of extinction

Question 58

TF Climate determines species diversity on a global scale as it affects speciation and extinction

Answer 58

T

Question 59

definition of topography

Answer 59

Topography is the shape and features of the land, like hills, valleys, mountains, and flat areas.