Weeks 5+6 Flashcards
what is the basal taxon of the archaeplastida supergroup
Red algae
what pigments do red algae have that green algae dont
phycoerthrin and phycocyanin
how do chlorophytes and charophytes differe
chlorophytes
- unicellular
- no plasmodesmata
- grows in sheets
charophytes
- multicellular
- plasmodesmata connecting cells
- grown in 1 direction
what are the benefits of plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata allow for more efficient cell communication and more complex multicellular structures.
what is another word for clade
monophyletic taxon
what were some struggles of plants moving to land
- less water
- saltier water
- gravity
- sunlight
why is the adaption of a thick cuticle not found in all plants
inhibits water uptake in some plants
what were some adaptions made by plants to thrive on land
spores protected by sporopollinin
thick cuticle (protects water loss and UV)
alternation of generations
describe the alternation of generations life cycle (step by step)
(–spores–gametophyte–gametes)–[zygote–sporophyte–]
why do plants have a haploid lifycycle
to protect their embryos
TF spores produced by mitosis and gametes produced by meiosis
F, spores prod by meiosis, gametes prod by mitosis
TF charophytes dont have alternation of generations
T
if not alternation of generations what is the charophyte life cycle
gametophyte–gametes–zygote–spores
why dont bryophytes have a thick cuticle like other plants
wouldnt be able to absob enough H2O
TF Liverworts dont have cuticle or stomata
T, all exchange happens thru leaves (they dont even have roots)
what does the cuticle protect against
desiccation(water loss), UV, parasites
what are stomata
pores that allow for gas exchange
what are the guard cells for
open or close the pore to balance CO2 absorption and water loss
what do open and closed guard cells look like
open = swollen
closed = shrunken
what is the basal taxon of land plants
liverworts
how can bryophytes (moss) survive w/o water
go into a state of dormancy during a drought (can last for 20 years)
what is vascular tissue
conducting cells that allow vascular plants to
transport water, sugar and nutrients efficiently
what is xylem
transport and store water + nutrients
what is Phloem
transports sugars and proteins
TF if a plant has vascular tissue, theyll have roots
T
TF if u have a root system you can from a relationship with fungi
T
TF bryophytes are sporophyte dominant and ferns are gametophyte dominant
F, bryophytes gametophyte dominant and ferns are sporophyte dominant
what is lycopodium
club mosses
what is polypodium
ferns
how do the leaves on lycopodium and polypodium differ
lycopodium= microphylls (small needle like)
polypodium= megaphylls
what are some traits of seeds (4)
-Are protected (from desiccation
and damage) by a seed coat.
* Can remain dormant until
conditions are favourable.
* Include nutrients (endosperm)
for the embryo.
* Aid in dispersal in both space and
time
how did seeded plants evolve
a very cold snap in environment happened
- seeds were formed bc it was very dry
- seeds r dormant when environment unfavourable
- protected by seed coat
- aid in dispersal in space and time
what does pollen do
-protect sperms(sporopollenin)
-eliminate the depedance on water for fertilization
-aid in dispersal
what is the male cone
pollen cone
- has pollen sacs inside that contain microspores
what is the female cone
ovule cone
- ovule=protective layers
- megasporophyll contains megaspore(female spore) develops into female gametophyte
how do conifers adapt to cold and dry environments
- narrow leaves (reduce water evap and allows snow to slide off)
- thick cuticle
- downward branches
- retention of leaves year round
TF angiosperms represent 90% of all plant species
T
what contributed to angiosperms sucess
- broad leaves
- advanced vascular tissue
- production of flowers
- protection of seeds (fruits)
- being long lived
how did large leaves help angiosperm sucess
more photosynthesis
more growth
how does short lifecycle help angiosperm success
quick dispersal
competitive for space and resources
how do advanced vascular tissues help angiosperm success
jus vascular tissue on steroids
how do seeds and fruit help angiosperm success
efficient dispersal thru wind or animals
what are the benefits of dispersing thru seeds vs spores
- protected by coat
- can be dormant
- have nutrients
- more dispersial
how will flowers help angiosperms
- flowers attract animals(pollenators) that will help dispersal
- increased diversity
how do some flowers adapt to drought
Silver-gray hairs reduce water loss from wind, heat and sun
* Deep root system
* Seeds that only germinate when conditions are favorable
plants arent hunted, but do have defence mechanisms, what are they
Chemicals
spikes
camoflage
indirect defenses (relationships w insects)
what is the summary of angiosperm development
-Co-evolution between plants and pollinators
* Errors during meiosis that results in genome
duplication
* Hybridization
* Adaptations to environmental conditions, e.g.
drought and salinity
* Co-evolution between plants and herbivores
TF The earliest animals (about 700 million years ago) were likely soft bodied, and many were likely sessile
T
TF All animals are chemoheterotrophs, which means that they obtain both energy and carbon from organic molecules.
T
what do all animals have in common
Multicellular
TF the predator/prey relationship has been a major driver in animal evolution
T
Animals are typically classified using the following characteristics
- Body plan/symmetry
- Presence of Hox genes
- Specialized tissues vs. no true tissue
- Germ layers
- Embryonic development (protostome vs. deuterostome)
- Presence of a notochord
what do HOX genes do
determine the shape and function of different regions of the body plan
what happens if you dont have HOX genes
probably asymmetrical body
what do germ layers do
allow organism to develop specialized tissues
what are the functions of the coelom
- It protects the organs that are
suspended in it. - It functions as a hydrostatic
skeleton and allows effective
movement (important for soft
bodied animals). - It allows organs to grow and
move independently of the
outer body wall.
what are the key characteristics of chordates
- A notochord – a stiff fibrous rod that muscles work against during swimming.
- A dorsal hollow nerve cord – which develops into the brain and spinal cord in most chordates
- pharyngeal slits - eventually gills
- tail - locomotion
why do tunicates belong to chordates
their larvae possess all the characteristics of chordates
what is the only chordate structure that tunicates retain when theyre adults
pharyngeal slits
what are some adaptions throughout the evolution of chordates
- adaptions to cold (fur, feathers, blubber) and dry (amniotic egg and scales) environments
- nervous system and brain developed significantly
what is and adaptions and how does it develop
It is a beneficial trait that becomes common in a population because individuals with this trait have many offspring
what is the primary function of the vertebral column/backbone
protect the nerve chord
TF early chordates had no backbone, just a notochord, but later developed prong like cartilage for protectiong
T
why were jaws such a big advancement in vertebrates
new sources of food and become
more efficient predators.
Why would fish have lungs?
allows for buoyance and gulp air in O2 poor environments
what evolution allowed for better movement in shallow waters and allowed the animal to hunt on land and in water
muscular (limb like) fins
what are the benefits of an amniotic egg
- Protection against dehydration
- Shock absorber
- Gas exchange
- Transfer of stored nutrients (yolk sac)
- Storage of waste
which adaptions allowed animals to conserve water, conserve body heat, defend themselves and camouflage
Scales, claws, hair, and feathers
what characteristics are unique to mammals
- have kidneys to conserve water and removing metabolic waste
- Female nourish their young with milk
- give birth to live young
- hair and blubber under skin to protect against heat and cold
- can regulate internal heat and have high metabolic rate
