Weeks 4-5 Lecture: Plant Cell Metabolism (Diffusion, Osmosis, Photosynthesis, and Respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of random motion.

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

What are the two main types of diffusion?

A
  1. Passive diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
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3
Q

Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer that has a non-polar ___, or water fearing, middle layer that is protected on both sides by polar ___, or water-loving, surfaces. Hydrophobic molecules can freely pass through a cell membrane.

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

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3
Q

The movement of molecules across semi-permeable membrane without the help of protein channels thus, does not require energy.

A

Passive diffusion

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3
Q

The flow of molecules down a concentration gradient across a membrane through special passageways.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

__ is the assisted movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of that substance.

A

Active transport

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3
Q

A special kind of diffusion exhibiting passive transport. It is the net movement of water (the principal solvent in biological systems) by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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3
Q

__ is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.

A

Passive transport

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3
Q

__ requires the expenditure of the cell’s energy to move specific substances against their concentration gradients.

A

Active transport

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3
Q

What are the three types of solutions created by osmosis?

A
  1. Hypertonic
  2. Isotonic
  3. Hypotonic
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3
Q

__ and __ are passive processes that allow specific
substances to move down their concentration gradients.

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration equal to that inside the cell, water molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane equally in both directions. Such solutions are said to be ___ (from the Greek iso, “equal”) – that is, they have a solute concentration equal to that in the cell.

A

isotonic

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3
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration higher than that within the cell, the solution is said to be (from the Greek hyper, “over”) to the cell.

A

hypertonic

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3
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that within the cell, the solution is said to be ___ (from the Greek hypo,
“under”) to the cell.

A

hypotonic

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3
Q

A __ plant cell has gaps between the cell wall and the cell membrane. This occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. Water molecules move out of the cell resulting in the loss of turgor pressure.

A

plasmolyzed

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4
Q

A __ plant cell is not swollen and the cell membrane does not press against the cell wall tightly. This occurs when a plant cell is placed in an isotonic solution. There would be no net movement of water molecules between the cell and the surrounding fluid.

A

flaccid

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4
Q

A __ cell is a cell that has turgor pressure. A plant cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution would cause the water to move into the cell by osmosis, resulting in large turgor pressure being exerted against the plant cell wall.

A

turgid

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4
Q

The chemical processes that occur in a cell are collectively referred to as its ___.

A

metabolism

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5
Q

___ reactions (also called anabolism) are chemical reactions in which energy is stored in molecules.

A

Anabolic

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5
Q

___ reactions (also called catabolism) are chemical reactions in which energy is released from molecules.

A

Catabolic

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6
Q

___ is a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons.

7
Q

___ is a chemical process in which a substance gains electrons.

8
Q

___ makes up a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a vast, continuous range of electromagnetic radiations generated through space and matter.

8
Q

The portion electromagnetic from of the spectrum
380 and 760 nanometers is called the ___ because humans can see it.

A

visible spectrum

8
Light is composed of small particles of energy called ___.
photons
8
The lowest energy state an electron possesses is called the ___.
ground state
9
When an electron is raised to a higher energy level than its ground state, the electron is said to be ___.
energized
10
In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in ___ where the photosynthetic pigment ___ captures the energy from sunlight
chloroplasts, chlorophyll
11
A chloroplast contains:
* Stroma * A fluid * Grana * Stacks of thylakoid containing chlorophyll
12
Chloroplast pigments:
* Chlorophyll a * Chlorophyll b * Carotenoids
13
This is the *main pigment of photosynthesis,* absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum
Chlorophyll a and b
14
There are several kinds of chlorophyll. The most important is __ which is the *pigment that initiates photosynthesis*
chlorophyll a
15
__ is an *accessory pigment* that also participates in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll b
16
___ absorbs wavelengths of light different from those absorbed by chlorophyll, thereby expanding the spectrum of light that provides energy for photosynthesis
Carotenoids
17
The reactions of photosynthesis occur in two stages:
* Light-dependent reactions * Carbon fixation reactions
18
This is the photo part of photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions
19
This is the synthesis part of photosynthesis
Carbon fixation reactions
20
Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the light dependent reactions, which are associated with the thylakoids
Light-dependent reactions
21
The most common carbon fixation pathway is known as the Calvin cycle, Calvin-Benson Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle (C3 cycle)
Carbon fixation reactions
22
1. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis begin when chlorophyll a or accessory pigments absorb light. 2. Two types of photosynthetic units, designated as photosystem I and photosystem II, are involved in photosynthesis. 3. These two connected photosystems collect photons of light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll electrons. 4. The excited electrons are passed from the primary electron acceptor to electron transport chains. 5. Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH.
Detailed process of photosynthesis
23
* The electron transport chains are arranged with the photosystems in the thylakoid membranes and pump ___ through that membrane. * The flow of H+ back through the membrane is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ___. * In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with NADP+ to form ___.
* H+ * ATP * NADPH
24
The entire process which produces O2, NADPH, and ATP, is known as ___.
noncyclic electron transport
25
Noncyclic electron transport is ___ because there is a continuous, one-way flow of electrons from water (the ultimate electron source) to NADP+ (the terminal electron acceptor)
noncyclic
26
The ___ of photosynthesis also include cyclic electron transport, a cyclic flow of electrons through photosystem I that produces ATP.
light-dependent reactions
26
Most plants use the ___ to fix carbon.
Calvin cycle
27
The reactions of the Calvin cycle, which occur in the stroma, are divided into three phases:
1. CO2 uptake 2. carbon reduction 3. RuBP regeneration
28
CO2 combines with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, forming a four-carbon compound that is converted to ___.
malate
29
___ goes to the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells, where it is decarboxylated. The CO2 released in the bundle sheath cell is used to make carbohydrate by way of the Calvin cycle
Malate
30
Plant cells and most other cells extract energy from fuel molecules, such as glucose, fatty acids, and other organic compounds, by ___. This process involves a sequence of 30 or more chemical reactions, each regulated by a specific enzyme
aerobic respiration
31
The chemical reactions of of aerobic respiration are grouped into four tages:
1. Glycolisis 2. Formation of acetyl enzyme A 3. The citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis
32
In ___, energy is released from glucose and other fuel molecules without O2; that is, oxygen is not the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
anaerobic respiration
33
___, another anaerobic pathway, also degrades glucose and other organic molecules without oxygen.
Fermentation