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General Botany Lecture > Week 2 Lecture: Plant Cell Structures > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture: Plant Cell Structures Flashcards

1
Q

It is commonly known as lentil, an edible legume. It is also an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds.

A

Vicia lens or Lens culinaris

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2
Q

A book by Robert Hooke published in ___ that inspired a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy.

A

January 1665, Micrographia

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3
Q

This book originated the biological term cell.

A

Micrographia

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4
Q

Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, he was the first to observe and to experiment with microbe.

A

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

He improved lenses creating microscopes that established microbiology.

A

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek worked on a variety of microscopic specimens from ___.

A

animal, plant and fungal tissues, bacteria and protozoa

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7
Q

It is the fundamental scientific theory of biology, stating that cells are the basic units of all living tissues.

A

Cell Theory

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8
Q

Cell Theory was first proposed in ___ by German scientists ___ and ___

A

1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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9
Q

These are Plant Life Unifying Principles:

A
  1. Earth’s primary producers, solar harvesters, light energy converters (be it a bryophyte, fern, gymnosperm or angiosperm)
  2. Other than certain reproductive cells, they are non-motile. They grow toward essential resources.
  3. Structurally reinforced to grow towards sunlight and against gravity.
  4. Lose water continuously and evolved mechanisms to avoid dessication.
  5. Have mechanisms to move water and minerals to sites of photosynthesis and growth, and also to move the products of photosynthesis to non-photosynthetic organs and tissues.
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9
Q

In ___, ___, proposed ___ (“all cells (come) from cells or generated by existing cells).

A

1855, Rudof Virchow, Omnis cellula e cellula

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10
Q

New cells are produced by dividing tissues called ___.

A

meristems

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11
Q

Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cellulosic ___ and each walled cell is cemented together by a ___.

A

cell wall, middle lamella

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12
Q

Determines the mechanical strength of plant structures, allows vertical growth.

A

Cell wall

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13
Q

Glue cells together, preventing sliding past one another and acts as cellular “exoskeleton” controlling cell shape

A

Cell wall

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14
Q

Allows high turgor pressures to develop and determines cell turgor pressure and cell volume.

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

Allows bulk flow of water in xylem requiring a mechanically tough wall that resists collapse as there is negative pressure in the xylem.

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

It is thin composed of rigid cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides called hemicelluloses (flexible) and gel-forming pectin with a small amount of structural protein.

A

Primary cell wall

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16
Q

Major structural barrier to pathogen invasion.

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

The primary cell wall is composed of rigid ___ embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides called ___ (flexible) and gel-forming ___ with a small amount of ___.

A

cellulose microfibrils, hemicelluloses, pectin, structural protein.

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18
Q

It forms when primary wall expansion stops; thick as in tracheids, fibers and others that serve in mechanical support.

A

Secondary cell wall

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19
Q

The secondary cell wall is composed of ___ that bonds tightly to ___; reduces digestibility of plant material by animals and attack by pathogen.

A

lignin, cellulose

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20
Q

According to ___, all biological membranes have the same basic molecular organization: - in the case of plasma membranes, a bilayer of ___ and various ___ with ___ and ___.

A

Fluid-Mosaic Model, phospholipids, transport proteins, chloroplasts, glycosylglycerides

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21
Q

___ is strongly influenced by temperature

A

Membrane fluidity

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22
Q

Generally, plants cannot ___ body temperature.

A

generate

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23
Q

Membrane fluidity ___ as temperature decreases. To avoid this, one of the fatty acids of phospholipids is ___ (no double bond), the other is ___ because of the cis double bonds that prevents tight packing of phospholipids.

A

decreases, saturated, unsaturated

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24
Q

Transport Proteins in Membrane Lipid Bilayer are:

A
  1. Integral Proteins
  2. Peripheral Proteins
  3. Anchored Proteins
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25
Q

Embedded in the lipid bilayer, serve as ion channels.

A

Integral Proteins

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25
Q

Bound to the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds and could be disassociated, ex. microtubules and microfilaments

A

Peripheral Proteins

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26
Q

Bound to the membrane via lipid molecules like fatty acids.

A

Anchored Proteins

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27
Q

Contains most genetic material of the cell (the remainder of the genetic information of the cell is contained in the chloroplast and mitochondrion

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

Which parts of the cell contains the remainder of the genetic information that is not in the nucleus?

A

Chloroplast and mitochondrion

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29
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by a ___ with ___.

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

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30
Q

This chromatin when it forms a solid-like cylinder containing 8 histones forms a __

A

Nucleosome

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31
Q

It is the DNA-protein complex.

A

Chromatin

32
Q

The nucleus also consists of a densely granular region which is the site of ribosome synthesis, called the ___.

A

Nucleolus

33
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is ___ to the outer membrane of the nucleus.

A

continuous

33
Q

Network of internal membranes made of lipid bilayers and associated proteins, together form flattened or tubular sacs known as cisternae.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

34
Q

Site of synthesis of membrane proteins and also proteins secreted outside of the cell or into the vacuoles.

A

Rough ER

34
Q

Proteins and polysaccharides for secretion are processed.

A

Golgi apparatus

35
Q

Site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly.

A

Smooth ER

36
Q

The golgi apparatus consist of one or more stacks of three to ten flattened membrane sacs or ___, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the ___.

A

cisternae, trans Golgi Network (TGN)

37
Q

Each individual stack in a golgi apparatus is called a ___ or ___.

A

golgi body, dictyosome

38
Q

___ carry the polysaccharadies and glycoproteins to the plasma membrane by fusion and emptying their contents to the cell wall; some participate in endocytosis, the process that brings soluble and membrane-bound proteins into the cell.

A

Secretory vesicles

38
Q

The process that brings soluble and membrane-bound proteins into the cell.

A

Endocytosis

39
Q

It is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane or tonoplas.

A

Large central vacuole

40
Q

Like animal lysosomes, plant vacuoles contain ___.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

40
Q

Contains water and dissolved inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes and a variety of secondary metabolites.

A

Large central vacuole

41
Q

Cellular site of respiration

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

These are specialized protein-storing vacuoles abundant in seeds.

A

Protein bodies

42
Q

The membranes of chloroplasts are known as ___, and a stack of it is a ___.

A

thylakoids, granum

43
Q

The mitochondria, from spherical to tubular, with smooth outer membrane and convoluted inner membrane called ___, and the compartment enclosed by cristae is the mitochondrial matrix containing the enzymes needed for Krebs Cycle

A

cristae

44
Q

___ belong to a group called plastids that contain chlorophyll.

A

Chloroplasts

45
Q

Embedded in the thylakoid are ___ and other ___.

A

proteins, pigments

46
Q

The fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoid is the ___ which is analogous to the mitochondrial matrix

A

stoma

47
Q

These are other plastids:

A
  1. Chromoplasts (with carotenoids)
  2. Leucoplasts (nonpigmented)
  3. Amyloplasts (starch-storing plastid)
48
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain ___ to synthesize protein.

A

DNA and machinery

49
Q

Believed to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

50
Q

The semi-autonomous organelles in plants are believed to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria.

A. They divide by ___
b. They have circular chromosomes instead of linear which are located in mitochondrial matrix or plastid stroma called ___.

A

fission, nucleiods

51
Q

Although semi-autonomous plants organelles have their own genomes and can divide independently, however, majority of the proteins of these organelles still depend on the ___ hence the word ___.

A

nucleus, semi-autonomous

52
Q

Found in meristem cells with few or no internal membranes, no chlorophyll, and incomplete enzymes to carry out photosynthesis

A

Interconvertible Plastids

53
Q

Chloroplast development from proplastids are triggered by ___.

A

light

54
Q

Upon illumination, enzymes are formed inside the proplastid or imported from the cytosol producing light-absorbing pigments. Hence, chloroplasts develop only when a young shoot is exposed to ___.

A

light

55
Q

Chloroplasts can be converted to ___. Amyloplasts can be converted to ___.

A

chromoplasts, chloroplast

56
Q

Proplastids differentiate into ___ when seeds are germinated in the dark (if not in the soil) but after minutes of exposure to light, chlorophyll is produced which is derived from the protochlorophyll found in etioplasts; this can be reverted and the process is known as ___.

A

etioplasts, etiolation

57
Q

___ are single-membrane spherical organelles like: ___, which function in the removal of H2 from organic substrates

A

Microbodies, peroxisomes

58
Q

Peroxisomes function in the removal of H2 from organic substrates:

RH2 + O2 and R + H2O2 Where R is the organic substrate. This produces a ___ which is broken in peroxisomes by __.

A

harmful peroxide, catalase

59
Q

Glyoxysomes and Oleosomes/Spherosomes/Lipid bodies are examples of ___.

A

microbodies

60
Q

Present in all oil-storing seeds which contain enzymes that convert stored fatty acids into sugars (glyoxylate cycle).

A

Glyoxysomes

61
Q

Lipids from ___ are broken down and converted to sucrose with the help of ___.

A

oleosomes, glyoxysomes

61
Q

During seed development, triacylglycerol in the form of oil is stored in these bodies.

A

Oleosomes/Spherosomes/Lipid bodies

62
Q

The __ of a plant cell is organized by a 3- dimensional network of filamentous proteins which provides spatial organization of the organelles.

A

cytosol

63
Q

Serves as a scaffolding for the movement of organelles and other cytoskeletal components.

A

Cytoskeleton

64
Q

3 cytoskeletal types found in plants:

A
  1. Microtubles
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filaments
65
Q

__ are hollow cylinders with an outer dia.of 25 nm, composed of protein tubulin

A

Microtubules

66
Q

___ are solid with a dia.of 7 nm, composed of globular actin or G-actin

A

Microfilaments

67
Q

__ are helically wound fibrous elements with 10 nm dia. composed of linear polypeptide monomers

A

Intermediate filaments,

68
Q

It is an integral part of mitosis.

A

Microtubules

69
Q

Form the ___, a ring of microtubules encircling the nucleus before the start of prophase

A

Preprophase Band (PPB)

70
Q

Form the ___ (during prophase, analogous to centrosomes of animal cells) and ___ (during metaphase)

A

prophase spindle, mitotic spindle

71
Q

Along with ER, forms ___ (during late anaphase or early telophase)

A

phragmoplast

72
Q

__ guides in cytoplasmic streaming (a coordinated movement of particles and organelles in the cytosol) involving actin and myosin proteins.

A

Microfilaments

73
Q

Guides vesicles of Golgi bodies with wall precursors which fuses to the plasma membrane which are deposited and assembled as cell wall material.

A

Microfilaments

74
Q

___ traverse cell walls connecting cytoplasms of adjacent cells, and because of this interconnection, a continuum is form known as the ___.

A

Plasmodesmata, symplast

75
Q

Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane

A

Plasmodesmata

General Botany Lecture (5 decks)

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