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Biology of the Mind > Weeks 13-15 > Flashcards

Weeks 13-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Criteria for circadian rythm

A

Repeat daily.
Persist in absence of external cues
Be adjusted to local time.

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2
Q

Jet lag

A

Altered light-dark cycle.
Gene expression changes in SCN.
Neg feedback allows adaption.

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3
Q

What areas in the brain are involved in sleep?

A

SCN: centre for homeostatic circadian control.

Pineal gland: produces sleep promoting melatonin

Retinal ganglion cell: Photoreceptors detecting changes in light level

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4
Q

Cortisol hormone

A

Stress hormone

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5
Q

Melatonin

A

Informs cortex about going to sleep.

Less melatonin = awake

Melatonin inc = body temp dec.

Cortisol low when melatonin high

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6
Q

When is the growth hormone released?

A

At night

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7
Q

When are potassium levels high?

A

In the day

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8
Q

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

Lesions can lead to sleep and coma.

High activity during REM.

Low activity of cholinergic neurones in pons/midbrain during non-REM (deep sleep). Less NA, 5-HT etc.

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9
Q

Define sleep

A

Sleep is a readily reversible of state of reduced responsiveness and interaction with the environment.

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10
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

As subject moves through stages, sleep becomes deeper.

After stage 4, subject enters Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage = dreams.

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11
Q

REM/paradoxical sleep

A

Lower motor neurones in spinal cord inhibited –> paralysis of large muscle groups.

Incoming sensory stimuli are blocked from reaching the cortex

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12
Q

What stage would you find sleepwalking?

A

Stage 4 non-REM sleep

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13
Q

What stage would you find sleep terrors?

A

Stage 3 and 4 non REM.

Nightmares (REM)

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14
Q

Sensory (immediate) memory lifespan?

What are two examples?

A

Lifetime of milliseconds to seconds.

Iconic memory (visual)

Echoic memory (audition)

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15
Q

Short-term memory lifetime

A

Lifetime seconds to hours. E.g- remembering phone no. 7 digit (+ or - 2)

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16
Q

Long term memory

A

Days to years

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17
Q

Working memory model.

A

A model of short term memory. Common test of working memory is the digit span.

Visuospatial sketchpad.

Central executive

Phonological loop

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18
Q

Techniques memorists use

A

Location-digit matching

Visual imagery

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19
Q

What areas of the brain form the phonological loop?

A

Left supramarginal gyrus

Left promoter region.

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20
Q

What areas for the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Parieto-occipital regions of both hemispheres.

RHS dominant.

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21
Q

Long term memory sub types

A

Declarative (explicit)

Non-declarative (implicit)

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22
Q

Declarative/explicit memory

A

Conscious memory, can be episodic (experiences) or semantic (facts)

23
Q

`Episodic memory

A

Memory of personal experiences

E.g. flashbulb memory (emotionally charged events)

24
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of facts

25
Q

Brain areas that form declarative long term memories

A

Hippocampus
Mammillary body
Dorsal thalamus
Rhinal Cortex

26
Q

Brain areas that store declarative long term memories

A 
Neocortex
Frontal cortices (dorsolateral and anterolateral aspects)
27
Q

What areas are involved in olfaction and memory?

A

Olfactory cortex linked to hippocampus and amygdala.

28
Q

How does memory training work?

A

Synaptic plasticity in the form of altered synapses.

29
Q

Non declarative (implicit/procedural) memory

A

Skills and associations acquired at an unconscious level. Involved in training reflexive more or perceptual skills.

Rigid memory store.

30
Q

Two types of non-associative procedural learning

A

Non-associative learning: change in motor response after repeated stimulus.

Habituation: Decrease in motor response

Sensitisation: Increase in motor response

31
Q

Two types of associative procedural learning

A

Classical conditioning: change in passive motor response after learned association between 2 stimuli (e.g Pavlov’s dog)

Instrumental/operant conditioning: change in active motor response after association b/t motor action and reward.

32
Q

Brain systems underlying non-declarative long term memory

A 
Basal ganglia
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Sensory association cortex
Cerebellum
33
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to establish new memories

34
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Failure to retrieve memories

35
Q

Patient H.M.

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobotomy to treat epilepsy.

Severe anterograde amnesia. Helped understanding of hippocampus.

Everything else intact.

36
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

Mechanism to make new connections/memories.

Not always new synapses.

37
Q

Long term potentiation in CA1 of hippocampus.

A

Enhancement of synaptic strength.

38
Q

Long term depression in CA1 on hippocampus

A

Decrease in synaptic strength.

39
Q

What mediates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus?

A

Post synaptic NMDA receptors and intracellular signals

40
Q

What mediates synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum?

A

AMPA receptors and intracellular signals

41
Q

Mechanisms behind long term potentiation

A

Inc. number of vesicles and NT.

Inc. number of AMPA-R

Inc. SA of synaptic cleft.

42
Q

Subcortical inputs in to the association cortices

A

Dopaminergic neurones in midbrain.

NA/5-HT neurones in reticular formation.

Cholinergic neurones in brainstem and basal forebrain.

43
Q

ADHD

A

Symptoms: Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness.

Sufferers have smaller prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia.

44
Q

Contralateral neglect syndrome

A

Inability to attend to objects in portion of space or attend to stimuli presented to the side opposite lesion.

Caused by lesion to right parietal cortex

45
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A 
Visuospatial deficits:
Simultanagosia (can't perceive whole visual scene)
Optic ataxia (deficit in guided reaching)
Ocular apraxia (difficulty in voluntary scanning of visual scenes)
46
Q

3 factors in emotion

A

Behaviour, physiology and feeling

47
Q

Generation of emotions

A

Evaluation of sensory input.
Experience of feeling
Expression of response.

48
Q

Brain systems involved in emotional processing.

A

Involves limbic system.

49
Q

Amygadala and fear

A

Amydala may be responsible to recognise emotions in facial expressions but not personal identity.

Patient SM had bilateral degenerative disease couldn’t recognise facial expressions.

50
Q

Language areas of brain

A

Broca’s area (left frontal cortex): language production

Wernicke’s area (left temporal cortex): understanding spoken language.

51
Q

Language disorders

A

Broca’s aphasia (motor or expressive)

Wernicke’s aphasia (sensory or receptive)

Conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words)

52
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Initiating and shifting behaviour.
Inhibiting behaviour,
Stimulating behavioural consequences.

53
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Inhibition of socially inappropriate behaviour.

Sensitivity to consequences of action

Biology of the Mind (6 decks)

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