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Biology of the Mind > Weeks 13-15 > Flashcards

Weeks 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria for circadian rythm

A

Repeat daily.
Persist in absence of external cues
Be adjusted to local time.

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2
Q

Jet lag

A

Altered light-dark cycle.
Gene expression changes in SCN.
Neg feedback allows adaption.

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3
Q

What areas in the brain are involved in sleep?

A

SCN: centre for homeostatic circadian control.

Pineal gland: produces sleep promoting melatonin

Retinal ganglion cell: Photoreceptors detecting changes in light level

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4
Q

Cortisol hormone

A

Stress hormone

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5
Q

Melatonin

A

Informs cortex about going to sleep.

Less melatonin = awake

Melatonin inc = body temp dec.

Cortisol low when melatonin high

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6
Q

When is the growth hormone released?

A

At night

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7
Q

When are potassium levels high?

A

In the day

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8
Q

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

Lesions can lead to sleep and coma.

High activity during REM.

Low activity of cholinergic neurones in pons/midbrain during non-REM (deep sleep). Less NA, 5-HT etc.

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9
Q

Define sleep

A

Sleep is a readily reversible of state of reduced responsiveness and interaction with the environment.

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10
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

As subject moves through stages, sleep becomes deeper.

After stage 4, subject enters Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage = dreams.

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11
Q

REM/paradoxical sleep

A

Lower motor neurones in spinal cord inhibited –> paralysis of large muscle groups.

Incoming sensory stimuli are blocked from reaching the cortex

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12
Q

What stage would you find sleepwalking?

A

Stage 4 non-REM sleep

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13
Q

What stage would you find sleep terrors?

A

Stage 3 and 4 non REM.

Nightmares (REM)

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14
Q

Sensory (immediate) memory lifespan?

What are two examples?

A

Lifetime of milliseconds to seconds.

Iconic memory (visual)

Echoic memory (audition)

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15
Q

Short-term memory lifetime

A

Lifetime seconds to hours. E.g- remembering phone no. 7 digit (+ or - 2)

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16
Q

Long term memory

A

Days to years

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17
Q

Working memory model.

A

A model of short term memory. Common test of working memory is the digit span.

Visuospatial sketchpad.

Central executive

Phonological loop

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18
Q

Techniques memorists use

A

Location-digit matching

Visual imagery

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19
Q

What areas of the brain form the phonological loop?

A

Left supramarginal gyrus

Left promoter region.

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20
Q

What areas for the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Parieto-occipital regions of both hemispheres.

RHS dominant.

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21
Q

Long term memory sub types

A

Declarative (explicit)

Non-declarative (implicit)

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22
Q

Declarative/explicit memory

A

Conscious memory, can be episodic (experiences) or semantic (facts)

23
Q

`Episodic memory

A

Memory of personal experiences

E.g. flashbulb memory (emotionally charged events)

24
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of facts

25
Brain areas that form declarative long term memories
Hippocampus Mammillary body Dorsal thalamus Rhinal Cortex
26
Brain areas that store declarative long term memories
``` Neocortex Frontal cortices (dorsolateral and anterolateral aspects) ```
27
What areas are involved in olfaction and memory?
Olfactory cortex linked to hippocampus and amygdala.
28
How does memory training work?
Synaptic plasticity in the form of altered synapses.
29
Non declarative (implicit/procedural) memory
Skills and associations acquired at an unconscious level. Involved in training reflexive more or perceptual skills. Rigid memory store.
30
Two types of non-associative procedural learning
Non-associative learning: change in motor response after repeated stimulus. Habituation: Decrease in motor response Sensitisation: Increase in motor response
31
Two types of associative procedural learning
Classical conditioning: change in passive motor response after learned association between 2 stimuli (e.g Pavlov's dog) Instrumental/operant conditioning: change in active motor response after association b/t motor action and reward.
32
Brain systems underlying non-declarative long term memory
``` Basal ganglia Prefrontal cortex Amygdala Sensory association cortex Cerebellum ```
33
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to establish new memories
34
Retrograde amnesia
Failure to retrieve memories
35
Patient H.M.
Bilateral medial temporal lobotomy to treat epilepsy. Severe anterograde amnesia. Helped understanding of hippocampus. Everything else intact.
36
Synaptic plasticity
Mechanism to make new connections/memories. Not always new synapses.
37
Long term potentiation in CA1 of hippocampus.
Enhancement of synaptic strength.
38
Long term depression in CA1 on hippocampus
Decrease in synaptic strength.
39
What mediates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus?
Post synaptic NMDA receptors and intracellular signals
40
What mediates synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum?
AMPA receptors and intracellular signals
41
Mechanisms behind long term potentiation
Inc. number of vesicles and NT. Inc. number of AMPA-R Inc. SA of synaptic cleft.
42
Subcortical inputs in to the association cortices
Dopaminergic neurones in midbrain. NA/5-HT neurones in reticular formation. Cholinergic neurones in brainstem and basal forebrain.
43
ADHD
Symptoms: Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness. Sufferers have smaller prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia.
44
Contralateral neglect syndrome
Inability to attend to objects in portion of space or attend to stimuli presented to the side opposite lesion. Caused by lesion to right parietal cortex
45
Balint's syndrome
``` Visuospatial deficits: Simultanagosia (can't perceive whole visual scene) Optic ataxia (deficit in guided reaching) Ocular apraxia (difficulty in voluntary scanning of visual scenes) ```
46
3 factors in emotion
Behaviour, physiology and feeling
47
Generation of emotions
Evaluation of sensory input. Experience of feeling Expression of response.
48
Brain systems involved in emotional processing.
Involves limbic system.
49
Amygadala and fear
Amydala may be responsible to recognise emotions in facial expressions but not personal identity. Patient SM had bilateral degenerative disease couldn't recognise facial expressions.
50
Language areas of brain
Broca's area (left frontal cortex): language production Wernicke's area (left temporal cortex): understanding spoken language.
51
Language disorders
Broca's aphasia (motor or expressive) Wernicke's aphasia (sensory or receptive) Conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating words)
52
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Initiating and shifting behaviour. Inhibiting behaviour, Stimulating behavioural consequences.
53
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Inhibition of socially inappropriate behaviour. Sensitivity to consequences of action

Biology of the Mind (6 decks)

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