Weeks 1-3

Question 1

What makes up the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

CNS: Brain and spinal cord

PNS: Afferent and efferent nerves.

Question 2

The cell that transmits signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones is _____

Answer 2

Interneurone

Question 3

What do excitatory neurones do and what is the most common NT involved.

Answer 3

Increase activity of target cells.

NT = glutamate.

Question 4

What do inhibitory neurones do and what is the most common NT involved.

Answer 4

Decrease activity of target cells.

NT= GABA

Question 5

What is the function of schwann cells?

Answer 5

Myelination in PNS

Question 6

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 6

Myelination in the CNS

Question 7

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 7

Provide nutrients for repair and scarring process.

Question 8

What is the role of microglia?

Answer 8

Immune cells of the CNS

Question 9

Define tract

Answer 9

A group of functionally related axons in the CNS

Question 10

Define nerve

Answer 10

A bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 11

Define ganglion

Answer 11

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS.

Question 12

Define nucleus (CNS)

Answer 12

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Question 13

What makes up the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 13

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 14

Describe organisation of sympathetic NS.

Answer 14

Myelinated short pre ganglionic neurone. Ach binds to nicotinic receptor in ganglion (close to CNS). Long post ganglionic neurone releases noradrenaline.

Question 15

Describe the organisation of the PARAsympathetic NS.

Answer 15

Long myelinated pre ganglionic neurone. Ach binds to nicotinic receptor in ganglion (close to or in target). Short unmyelinated post ganglionic neurone releases Ach which binds to muscarinic receptors.

Question 16

How does the baroreflex work?

Answer 16

Baroreceptors detect changes in the mean arterial pressure. Negative feedback involves the sympathetic or parasympathetic to reverse the change.

Question 17

The enteric NS

Answer 17

Works autonomously to control GIT activity.

The myenteric plexus receives autonomic innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 18

What 3 structures make up the forebrain?

Answer 18

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 19

What 3 structures make up the hindbrain? And what is its function?

Answer 19

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum

Reticular formation aid with autonomic functions.

Question 20

Copus callosum

Answer 20

Connects the two hemispheres.

Question 21

Raphe nuclei

Answer 21

In the medulla and midbrain, contains 5-HT cells.

Question 22

Area postrema

Answer 22

Found in pons and medulla. Contains the CTZ/chemoreceptor trigger zone (vomiting)

Question 23

Locus coeruleus

Answer 23

Found in pons, contain noradrenaline positive cells.

Question 24

Substantia nigra

Answer 24

Midbrain
Motor system, dopamine containing cells.
Projects to basal ganglia

Question 25

Superior colliculus

Answer 25

Midbrain

Receives visual inputs and brings eyes to focus of attention.

Question 26

Periaqueductal grey matter

Answer 26

Midbrain

Control of somatic (emotive) pain and fear

Question 27

Red nucleus

Answer 27

Midbrain

Motor control structure

Question 28

Cerebrum/Telencephalon (components and function)

Answer 28

Cerebral hemisperes, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala.

Motor control

Question 29

Limbic system/Diencephalon (components and function)

Answer 29

Mood and emotion and homeostasis

Consists of hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, mammillary bodies.

Question 30

Frontal lobe role

Answer 30

Control of movements

Question 31

Parietal lobe role

Answer 31

Somatosensory

Question 32

Temporal lobe

Answer 32

Hearing, learning, memory, emotion

Question 33

What 3 membranes cover the CNS? (PAD)

Answer 33

Pia matter (inner)
Arachnoid
Dura (outer)

Question 34

Define electrical gradient

Answer 34

Flow of ions to opposite charge

Question 35

Define concentration gradient

Answer 35

Force driving an from region of greater concentration to lesser concentration of itself

Question 36

3 main channel proteins

Answer 36

Ligand gates (chemical)

Voltage gated (voltage)

Stretch activated (mechanically)

Question 37

What four factors contribute to the resting potential

Answer 37

1) Charged intracellular proteins (neg-)
2) Na/K pump
3) K+ ions
4) Na+ ions

Question 38

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

Answer 38

3 Na+ out.
2 k+ in.

Inside negative.

Question 39

How permeable is the membrane to K+ and Na+?

Answer 39

Freely permeably to K+

Slightly permeable to Na+

Question 40

Define equilibrium potential (E-ion)?

Answer 40

The electric potential difference that balances the ionic concentration gradient

Question 41

Define ionic driving force (equation)

Answer 41

Membrane potential (Vm) - Equilibrium potential (E-ion)

Question 42

What does the Nernst equation calculate?

Answer 42

Equilibrium potential (E-ion) but NOT resting membrane potential

Question 43

Why is the Nernst equation insufficient to calculating the resting membrane potential?

Answer 43

Na+ flow into cell at rest too. Therefore resting potential not equal Ek.

Needs to take into account flow of Na+ ions

Question 44

What does the GHK equation calculate?

Answer 44

Membrane potential