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Consciousness neuro 3320 > Weeks 1-3 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the consciousness problem

A

1) How do we acquire PERCEPTION of the outer world from the neurochemical input we receive

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2
Q

We have a _______ perception of external and and this causes _________ responses between different people

A

SUBJECTIVE perception of external stimuli causing DIFFERENT responses between different people

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3
Q

Consciousness is briefly defined as_____

A

some state relating to selective attention + STM

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4
Q

Qualia refer to

A

feelings /sensations that make up conscious experience i.e. seeing sun, hearing tone

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5
Q

Content of consciousness refers to

A

any percept that may form a part of the stream of consciousness

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6
Q

The inability to concisely and logically explain the correlation between phenomenological sensation and its associated neural correlates refers to the

A

Chalmer’s HARD problem

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7
Q

The easy problem refers to

A

identifying the material / neuronal description of consciousness // what are the mechanisms of consciousness

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8
Q

The easy problem + hard problem are independent

T/F

A

False - solving easy will likely help solve hard problem

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9
Q

Everything we experience can be described in________

A

First person - unique viewpoint of conscious being experiencing X phenomena
Third person perspective - stand point of an EXTERNAL being that has access to others’ behaviour + brain states (i.e. EEG) but NOT to its experience

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10
Q

Binocular rivalry refers to___________ and depends on stimulus________

A

When perception of stimuli competes from what left/right eyes see independently (like red/green gratings that can swap direction when you WANT them to)
Depends on stimulus STRENGTH

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11
Q

When you can’t recall the SECOND of two stimuli presented in quick succession ____________

A

Attentional blink

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12
Q

The binding problem refers to

A

How do we get a single phenomenological experience if all features are processed in different brain areas? i.e. colour, face, location, voice recognition are all processed in different areas BUT we just see person talking coherently

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13
Q

Synapse refers to _________

A

specialised point of contact between presynaptic + post synaptic neurons across which NT are sent

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14
Q

Synchrony of neurons refers to______

A

The extent to which neurons spike/fire at the same time. The more they synchronise, the stronger the effect will be on the target cells

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15
Q

How is an attentional blink explained

A
  • brain may be eliminating distracting stimuli

- close proximity of stimuli may cause perceptual confusion and so we don’t encode it

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16
Q

Backwards masking involves________

A

Backwards masking involves TARGET being presented first, then is ‘masked’ with a second stimuli –> stops the perception of target stimulus (first image)

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17
Q

AB is different from backwards masking because

A

AB - target is the SECOND stimuli, mask appears first

BM - target is FIRST, mask presented second

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18
Q

What are the 2 key theories explaining AB and BM?

A

Global neuron workspace theory

Recurrent processing theory

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19
Q

The assumption of global neuronal workspace theory is that

A

Stimuli enters eye –> thalamus –> V1 –> and then propagate signal to rest of the brain REGARDLESS if you are conscious or not

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20
Q

According to global neuronal workspace theory, how are we able to verbally describe qualia?

A

After signal from V1 reaches frontal lobes, gets AMPLIFIED and propogated to other regions i.e. broca’s area for speech production

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21
Q

GNWT explains backwards masking effects by suggesting_________

A

By the time that the FIRST stimulus reaches the global workspace –> the SECOND (mask) slows down the propagation of the first stim to higher areas = erases it

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22
Q

Acoording to GNWT we will ONLY be conscious of a stimuli if

A

That stimuli is STRONG and we ATTEND to it

23
Q

Top - down attention and bottom up attention are ________

A

Top down - voluntary, directed attention

Bottom up - stimulus based i.e. clap captures attn automatically

24
Q

If a signal is weak and we do not apply top down attention to it, we ____________ able to report it

A

will NOT be able

25
Q

Attenting to a sitmulus is enough to perceive it (T/F)

A

FALSE - needs to be strong enough or the activation will decrease in strength as it gets propagated = no reportability

26
Q

Recurrent processing theory suggests that attention and consciousness is___________

A

INDEPENDENT

27
Q

What evidence is there for levels of consciousness in those who can’t communicate?

A

1) spike in activation when hearing mothers voice compared to strangers
2) when asked to IMAGINE playing tennis, same motor areas were activated as those that would be used

28
Q

Ablation of the cerebellum markedly impairs function (T/F)

A

FALSE

29
Q

Subliminal messaging refers to________ they occur when _________

A

experiences that are below the conscious threshold, occur when they are of LOW INTENSITY

30
Q

In which direction does the brain develop

A

From posterior to anterior // caudal to rostral (back to front –> PFC is last to develop)

31
Q

Species with a more developed PFC may have greater information processing, this is bc PFC is important for_________

A

exec functions such as amplifying + selecting which inputs to attend to

32
Q

Which part of the human brain is likely to be the ‘global workspace’

A

PFC

33
Q

Motion induced blindness phenomenology involves________

A

fixate on one dot, other 2 stationary dots disappear bc of BACKGROUND being in motion

34
Q

Coalition of neurons idea proposes that_________

A

There is always competition on GROUPS of neurons in different areas responding to diff stimuli, group that has the MOST firing = dictates what we are conscious of

35
Q

Notice how you are able to distinguish one grating from another by its size/location, indicating that there is a neuronal network REPRESENTING this info in the brain, this refers to_________

A

Explicit representations - for every conscious experience, there is ALWAYS explicit neural representations

36
Q

You can either experience XX through your personal viewpoint or ____________

A

from inference (third person)

37
Q

Someone arguing that the first person perspective is too subjective/unreliable, is likely to be a___________

A

Behavourist - only believes in measuring observable behaviour

38
Q

All theories of consciousness are attempting to explain the same concepts and have the same explanatory power (T/F)

A

False - try to address many issues i.e. visual perception,self awareness etc., + vary in CONSISTENCY of results

39
Q

All theories of consciousness must be biologically sound, the evolutionary perspective proposes 2 domains of describing function__________

A

Proximal - how the mechanism for X conc experience works

Ultimate - why X phenomenon has been evolved to use Y function

40
Q

Which paradigm attempts to look at the reliability of using monkeys to measure consciousness

A

Neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) finds that

41
Q

A majority of neurons are___________

A

Excitatory (80%)

42
Q

Monkeys’ neurons in the Infero temporal lobe responded to_________

A

configuration of a paperclip - single neuron correspondence

43
Q

Studies show that groups of neurons in the _________ will likely have preference for firing in response to animals, particular faces i.e. Clinton

A

Medial Temporal lobe

44
Q

The mechanisms of binocular rivalry are not yet known but roughly relate to__________

A

the signals from each eye are linked and trying to inhibit each other, because low level neurons are equipped to deal with faces bc they’re common, we see that clearer than we see gratings bc low exp

45
Q

Micorconsciousness refers to__________

A

Each brain area responsible for ____stimulus has its own ‘microconsciousness’

46
Q

The synchrony hypothesis trying to explain the binding problem states that ____________

A

If EEG ‘spikes’ at the same time cross the brain (in sync) = how it BINDS all info coherently

47
Q

‘masking’ erases conscioussness and makes the stimulus invisible (T/F)

A

FALSE - we just see the mask, not the target stimulus –> ‘see something’ but not nothing

48
Q

GNWT explains AB __________

A

we exhibit top down attention to process the first stimulus (mask) and bc this takes effort, we block processing of the second stimuli (target) ‘blink’ in attention

49
Q

‘preconscious’ occurs when __________

A

There is SUFFICIENTLY STRONG stimulus but it is not attnedned to –> can’t propagate, cant report

50
Q

Recurrent processing theory is different from GWT ________

A

RPT - suggests that attn + conc are SEPARATE and as long as there is recurrent processing in the V1 etc., we WILL become conscious of it, REGARDLESS of if we employ top-down attention from the PFC

51
Q

Local recurrency is neccesary and sufficient for conscious experience - idea of which theory

A

Recurrent processing theory

52
Q

How come the cerebellum is a small structure but has much more neruons than cortex?

A

Bc theyare small + densely packed neuons, whereas cortica neurons have long axons // dendrites

53
Q

More neruons = more conciousness (T/F)

A

FALSE

Consciousness neuro 3320 (5 decks)

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