weeks 1-3

Question 1

6 types of asexual reproduction

Answer 1

fission (a parent organism, splitting into equal parts), budding (a parent organism divides itself into 2 unequal parts), fragmentation (framents of an organism break off and then become a new organism eg. in a sea star), vegetative propagation (where a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant), spore formation and parthenogenesis (an unfertilised egg develops into an individual, and is ‘fertilised’ by a polar body)

Question 2

which kingdoms of life are asexual reproduction found in

Answer 2

all of them

Question 3

which kingdoms of life are sexual reproduction found in

Answer 3

protista, fungi, plantae and Animalia (eukaryotic)

Question 4

4 ways in which sexual reproduction varies

Answer 4

dioecious vs monoecious/hermaphrodites (whether an individual has only one sexual organ or both), internal vs external fertilisation, oviparous (egg laying) vs viviparous (embryo develops), few offspring vs many offspring

Question 5

what are the male and female sexual organs of an angiosperm

Answer 5

stamen (male) and carpel (female)

Question 6

why is fermentation not considered respiration

Answer 6

does not use the electron transport chain

Question 7

what are hyphae

Answer 7

small branching fillamental structures that absorb oxygen from tiny air spaces between soil particles on fungi

Question 8

what are pneumatophores

Answer 8

arial roots (above ground), found in low oxygen, waterlogged environments

Question 9

what are aerenchyma

Answer 9

small air pockets that allow for the exchange of gases from exposed, to submerged parts of a plant

Question 10

what are the 5 types of gas exchange systems in animals

Answer 10

direct diffusion (small animals will do that), integumentary exchange (similar to diffusion except there will be some sort of circulatory system to transport the gas once it is in the body), trachea (found in insects, small tubular structures that branch through the body), gills and lungs

Question 11

what is the evolution of jawed fish linked to

Answer 11

the decline of marine invertebrates - they had a competitive advantage

Question 12

what are flame cells

Answer 12

specialised excertory cells found in freshwater invertebrates - act like a kidney and remove waste materials

Question 13

what is a bundle of flame cells called

Answer 13

protonephridia

Question 14

what is the coelom

Answer 14

a fluid filled cavity surrounding the gut

Question 15

roles of the coelem

Answer 15

internal support (because it is fluid filled), allows for the evolution of more specialised organs, transport of fluid, enables (and correlates with) increased body size

Question 16

what is guttation

Answer 16

where drops of xylem sap gather at the tips or edges of leaves of some plants, as a method of waste removal

Question 17

advantages of passive movement

Answer 17

little or no energy expenditure

Question 18

disadvantages of passive movement

Answer 18

little or no control of where the organism goes, possible to move to a suboptimal environment

Question 19

advantages of living in water

Answer 19

hydration, nutrient rich (and easy to access) and environmentally buffered (no extreme temp changes)

Question 20

challenges of living in water

Answer 20

motion is hard because of strong currents and buoyancy

Question 21

challenges of living on land

Answer 21

oxygen is gaseous (needs to be dissolved to be captured), dehydration, UV radiation, passive movement is limited, terrestrial ecosystems are complex to navigate

Question 22

challenges of living in the air

Answer 22

have to resist gravity, strong wing currents, extremely energy hungry

Question 23

what are psuedopods

Answer 23

meaning false feet, how unicellular amoebae move by altering their shape by pushing cytoplasm outwards

Question 24

what are molluscs and how do they move

Answer 24

including squid, octopus, cuttlefish, slugs and snails. they take in water through their moth and then contract their body to push the water through their funnel

Question 25

adaptions that allow for flying include:

Answer 25

less dense bones, enlarged chest muscles for flight, feathers, systems of air sacs in the body that allow them to extract much more oxygen per breathe

Question 26

what did a more erect upright stance allow for

Answer 26

longer legs and faster movement

Question 27

what is the anthropocene

Answer 27

the current period we are in, describing the period where the world has been impacted by human activity - our extinction rates are nearing those seen in mass extinctions

Question 28

does natural selection act on the population or the individual

Answer 28

the population

Question 29

what are the 5 driving forces of evolution

Answer 29

natural selection, mutation, sexual reproduction, genetic drift and gene flow

Question 30

define species

Answer 30

a group of (potentially) interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 31

What is Ne

Answer 31

the effective population size - the number of individuals that contribute to the next generation (the size of a population that would have the same effect of random sampling gene frequency as the actual population)

Question 32

what are the conditions of hardy weinburg equilibrium and what does it mean

Answer 32

it serves as the null hypothesis for evolution - genotype frequencies will not change between generations (dominant genotypes will not override reccessive). conditions are no migration, no mutation, equal fitness (no selection) and infinite population size (small populations are impacted by chance events) and mating is random

Question 33

equation for hardy weinburg equilibrium

Answer 33

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 34

what are the 3 types of selection

Answer 34

directional (positive) selection - favours one end of the distribution of phenotypes, stabilising selection - favours individuals in the middle of the distribution of phenotypes. Disruptive selection - favours individuals on either end of the distribution

Question 35

example of heterozygote advantage

Answer 35

sickle cells and malaria - a heterozygote is resistant to malaria

Question 36

what is relative fitness

Answer 36

describes the success of a genotype at producing new individuals, standardised by the success of other genotypes on a scale of 0-1