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Anatomy And Physiolgy > Week7 Integumentary > Flashcards

Week7 Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System
2 parts

A

1.Skin:
• largest organ of the body
• Cutaneous membrane
2. Associated structures ‘appendages or accessory structures’
• Hair, nails, glands

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2
Q

2 primary layers of skin

A
  1. Epidermis
    • Outermost portion
    Comprised entirely of stratified squamous epithelial cells
    • Contains no blood vessels ‘avascular’
  2. Dermis
    • true skin’
    • Connective tissue
    • Contains blood vessels, nerves & glands
    • Underneath and supporting the dermis is the subcutaneous layer.
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Skin color changes
• Pink flush indicates increased blood volume or increased blood oxygen
• Cyanosis-bluish gray color indicates low blood oxygen level
• Vitiligo-patchy light skin areas resulting from acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes
> Increased skin pigmentation caused by hormonal changes in pregnant women
> Freckles small, flat macules common normal skin pigment variation

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4
Q

Dermis ( true skin)

A
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5
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A
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6
Q

Accessory structure of skin

A

Help protect the skin and give it more functions
1. Glands- Sebaceous oil gland
Sudorferous glands
2. Hair
3. Nails

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7
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
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8
Q

Subdoriferous
(Sweat gland)

A
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9
Q

Modified sudoriferous glands

A
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10
Q

Lanugo

A

Hair
Lanugo: Soft hair of fetus and newborn

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11
Q

Arrector pili

A

Arrector pili -involuntary smooth muscle, produces
“goose bumps” and causes hair to stand up straight
• Stimulates secretion of sebum (when contracted)

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12
Q

Nails

A

• Hardened keratin formed by epidermis over terminal ends of fingers and toes
• nail plate: sits on nail bed of epithelial tissue
• Root lies in a groove and is hidden by cuticle
• Lunula: Crescent-shaped area nearest root
• Function: Protection; assists with grasping objects;
• Nail bed may change color with change in blood flow
General health can affect nail appearance:
> abnormal colour, thickness, shape or texture

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13
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System
Four major functions:

A
  1. Protection: first line of defence
  2. Protection against dehydration (drying)
  3. Regulation of body temperature
  4. Collection of sensory information
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14
Q

Protection

A

a) Intact Barrier; Against infection by microbes
b) Surface cells are constantly shedding which removes pathogens.

C)Against ultraviolet rays from sun
d)
Against cuts and tears
e)
Sweat has some antimicrobial characteristics
• Protects against bacterial toxins.
• Protects against some harmful environmental chemicals.

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15
Q
  1. Protection against Dehydration
A

Skin prevents excess water loss by evaporation; it forms a boundary that encloses body fluids & limits water loss **
Keratin & Sebum help to waterproof the skin and keep it moist & supple

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16
Q
  1. Thermoregulation: Regulation of Body Temperature
A
  1. Thermoregulation: Regulation of Body Temperature
    • Skin can release almost 3000 calories of body heat per day
    > Mechanisms of temperature regulation:
    a) Regulation of sweat secretion
    b) Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface
    c) Shivering; contraction of arrector pili muscle
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17
Q
  1. Collection of Sensory Information
A

• Chief sensory organs of the body
> many nerve endings & special receptors that detect changes to its environment
a) Free nerve endings
• detect pain and temperature changes
b) Sensory receptors
• To light touch and deep pressure
c) Thermoreceptors
• Detect heat and cold
Many reflexes start with the sensory messages from the skin.
> The skin works with the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Other activities of skin

A

Absorption of substances e.g. medications
Excretion (minimal amount)
• Water (sweat)
• Electrolytes (sweat)
• Wastes (nitrogen containing waste)
Manufacture of vitamin D (for development & maintenance of bone tissue) under the effects of ultraviolet radiation from sunlight

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19
Q

Observations of the Skin
Color

A

Color
• Factors influencing skin color include:
1. Melanin: The degree of brown pigment in the skin
• indicates increase/excess (tanning, endocrine disorder) or absent (albinism, vitiligo,)
2. Hemoglobin: quantity of blood in the surface blood vessels.
• Pallor
• Flushing
• Cyanosis
3. Carotenoderma: yellow/orange skin discoloration
• Carotenemia: excess carotene in blood
• Skin pigment obtained from vegetables (orange/yellow)
4. Bile pigments: yellowish skin due to excess of bile pigments ‘bilirubin’
• Jaundice
reflecting impaired hepatic function, gallbladder problems, and/or excess hemolysis

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20
Q

Jaundice may be symptom of following:

A
  1. A tumour pressing on the bile duct, or a stone within the duct.
  2. Virus; Inflammation of the liver e.g. hepatitis
  3. Blood diseases in which red blood cells are rapidly destroyed.
  4. Immaturity of the liver; e.g.newborn, unable to process bilirubin
21
Q

What color is associated with cyanosis? What color is associated with jaundice?

A

Blue grey
Yellow

22
Q

Repair integument

A

Wound Healing
• Occurs only in areas with actively dividing cells
• Begins after blood has clotted, with an inflammatory response
• Stem cells produce new tissue cells and blood vessels
• Collagen is produced by fibroblasts to close the wound
• Larger injuries require extensive growth.
• Scar/cicatrix
• Keloids
Factors That Affect Healing
1. Nutrition
2. Blood supply
3. Infection
4. Age

23
Q

Effects of aging on the skin

A

Stem cells, fibroblasts, and melanocytes are less active resulting
• impaired healing
• less hair; thinner on scalp, less on body
• Reduced connective tissue, (collagen)
• decreased pigmentation, — hair becomes gray
2. Localized areas of extra pigmentation ‘liver spots
3. Dermis becomes thinner, and skin may become transparent and lose its elasticity.
4. Hair texture changes, becomes drier
5. Sweat production and skin circulation decrease, impacting thermoregulation.
б.
Less fat in the skin also impacts thermoregulation
Toe nails may discolor & become abnormally thick
8. Fingernails may flake, become brittle or develop ridges
9. Skin cancer susceptibility increased
Q Search
D

24
Q

Disorders

A
25
Q

Effects of aging

A
  1. Stem cells, fibroblasts, and melanocytes are less active resulting
    in:
    • impaired healing
    • less hair; thinner on scalp, less on body
    • Reduced connective tissue, (collagen)
    • decreased pigmentation, — hair becomes gray
  2. Localized areas of extra pigmentation liver spots’
  3. Dermis becomes thinner, and skin may become transparent and lose its elasticity.
  4. Hair texture changes, becomes drier
  5. Sweat production and skin circulation decrease, impacting thermoregulation.
  6. Less fat in the skin also impacts thermoregulation
    Toe nails may discolor & become abnormally thick
  7. Fingernails may flake, become brittle or develop ridges
  8. Skin cancer susceptibility increased
26
Q

Surface lesion

A
27
Q

Deeper lesions

A
28
Q

Burns

A

> Treatment and recovery or survival depend on total area involved (BSA) & severity or depth of the burn
Classification of burns:
1. Superficial: st degree burns
• Surface layers of the epidermis only
• Minimal pain
• Skin is red & dry
• Example: Mild sunburn, very short heat exposure
2. Superficial partial thickness: 2nd degree burns
•deep epidermis & part of the dermis
• Tissue is red, blistered, & painful
• Heals readily without scarring
• Severe sunburn, scalding

29
Q

Burns contd

A
  1. Deep partial thickness: and degree burns
    • Complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis
    • Tissue may be blistered with a weeping surface or dry due to sweat gland damage
    • Less painful than superficial burns due to nerve damage, intense pain is experienced soon thereafter
    • Scalding, exposure to flame, or hot grease
  2. Full thickness: 3rd degree burns
    • Involves the full skin, & sometimes the subcutaneous tissue & underlying tissue (muscle & bone)
    • Tissue is broken, dry, and pale, or charred
    • May require surgery to relieve pressure caused by tissue shrinkage, &/or skin grafting
    • May result in loss of digits or limbs
    Q search
30
Q

Skin cancer

A
31
Q

Skin Infections

A

Caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Bacterial infections
1. Impetigo: highly contagious staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
Viral infections
2. Warts: usually benign neoplasm caused by papillomavirus
3. Herpes simplex virus: formation of watery vesicles (cold sores, fever blisters) on the skin and mucous membranes (Type 1), the genital area (Type II)
Fungal infections
1
Tinea: several forms occur

32
Q

Vascular and inflammatory skin disorders

A

Acute Inflammatory Disorders
1. Urticaria (ur-tih-KA-reah): Hives
:
Allergic reaction: ingested or touched
Temporary appearance of elevated red patches
Eczema: common inflammatory condition
• characterized by: Redness, heat, & itching, papules, vesicles, and crusts
• Can result from contact dermatitis or something ingested

33
Q

Chronic Inflammatory Disorders

A

• believed to be caused in part by an autoimmune reactio
1, Lupus erythematosus
• Autoimmune disease of CT
•Rough raised, violet tinted papules, usually on face & sca only
2. Systemic sclerosis
• Scleroderma
• Unknown cause, autoimmune disease of vessels & CT
• Thickening and tightening of the skin
• Severe cases: impaired function, lack of facial expression
3. Psoriasis: chronic inflammatory condition accompanied b silvery, scales
• Genetic, unknown cause, autoimmune

34
Q
  1. What is the name of the system that comprises the skin and all its associated structures?
A
35
Q
  1. Moving from the superficial to the deeper layer, what are the names of the two layers of skin
A

Stratum corona
Basil

36
Q

What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?

A

Node

37
Q

Where do new epidermal cells come from?
A)Subcutaneous layer
B)Stratum basale
C)Stratum corneum
D)Dermis

A

B

38
Q

What is the name of the skin glands that produce an oily secretion?
Suvacious

A
39
Q

What is the scientific name for the sweat glands?

A

Sedorphorous

40
Q

What is the name of the sheath in which a hair develops?

A

Follicle

41
Q

Where are the active cells that produce a nail located?

A
42
Q
  1. The maintenance of constant body temperature would be difficult without the actions of the:
    A) Apocrine glands I
    B) Meibomian glands
    C) Sebaceous glands
    D) Eccrine glands
    D
A

D

43
Q
  1. What two substances produced in the skin help to prevent dehydration?
A

Keratin,

44
Q

What two mechanisms involving the skin are used to regulate temperature
Blood

A

Blood vessels,sweat glands

45
Q
  1. Name some pigments that give color to the skin?
A

Melanin, bile, hemoglobin

46
Q
  1. What is the term for a bluish skin discoloration caused by insufficient oxygen?
A

Cyonosis

47
Q
  1. Which pigment is responsible for a tan-brown color?
    A)Melanin
    B) Carotene
    C)Hemoglobin
    D)Bile
A

A

48
Q

What is lesion?

A

Wound

Anatomy And Physiolgy (8 decks)

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