Week 6 Disease Flashcards by Melissa H

Disease

Disease
Abnormality of the structure or function of a part, organ, or system
May be felt or observed by others.
May have a known or unknown cause.
Severity of effects may be variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Seven Categories of Disease:

1-Infection: Infectious organisms play a part in at least half of all human illness.
2. Degenerative Disease: disorders that breakdown tissues in the body.
Causes include: hereditary factors, substance abuse, infection or normal “wear and tear” and idiopathic
3. Nutritional disorders: includes either a dietary lack of nutrients or an excess of any type.
4. Metabolic Disorders: include any disruption of cellular metabolism.
5. Immune Disorders: deficiencies in the immune system, caused by either infection or hereditary factors.
6. Neoplasms: refers to cancer and other types of tumors
7. Psychiatric disorders: mental disorders
Often associated with physical disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is predisposing cause?

A predisposing cause is a factor known to increase the probability that an individual will become ill
• Some causes increase susceptibility to particular diseases.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Idiopathic?

Idiopathic: diseases of unknown origin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is latrogenic?

latrogenic:
diseases due to adverse treatment effects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Epidemiology

Etiology
Epidemiology
• The study of diseases in entire populations; includes the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases.
• includes the tendency to appear in specific demographics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is incidence rate

Number of new cases within a population in a specific time frame
/ pop size

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Prevalence rate

Number of cases within populations in a specific time frame

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mortality rate

Number of cases resulting in death in a specific time frame.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Endemic

• Epidemic: Many people affected at the same time in a given region. (influenza)
• Endemic: Disease found to a lesser extent but continuously. (common cold)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease Diagnosis

Disease Diagnosis identifying the disease
Symptoms
• Conditions of the disease, as noted by the patient
• Subjective feelings e.g. pain, fatigue
• Signs
Evidence of the disease, noted by the attendant
• Objective indicators: evident to someone other than patient; rapid pulse, wheezing
Syndrome
Group of signs & symptoms characteristic of a disorder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease classification

Diseases are often classified on severity/ duration.
Acute: severe/short duration
Chronic: less severe/long duration
Subacute: between both
Prognosis: prediction of probable outcome of disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Latent stage

Latent stage:
• no clinical signs are evident
• the incubation period,
• the time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of the signs or symptoms.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prodromal Period

Prodromal period
• Nonspecific, early signs
• the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body, but the signs ar nonspecific
• Example: fatigue, loss of appetite, or headache.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health promotion promotion

•organizations
• The WHO
• Public Health Agency Canada (PHAC)
• The CDC (Centre for Disease Control & Prevention)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infection- invasion of pathogens
What are 3 types

Local
Systemic
• Opportunistic Infection
• An infection that occurs because the body has been weakened by disease

Microorganism can be transmitted?

Modes of transmission
Microorganisms can be transmitted:
1. directly by physical contact between individuals
2. indirectly
through touched objects, dust, or vectors (disease-transmitting organisms).

Portals of Entry (exit)
1. Skin

What is bacteria

Bacteria
•Single-celled organisms
•Lack a true nucleus, but do have DNA
•Found everywhere
•Capable of locomotion using flagella -

What is Pili

•Pili short flagellae-like structures, assists in gliding over surfaces & anchors organism to surface as they get nutrients

Asexual

•Asexual reproduction; reproduce by binary fission independently of other organisms

Rickettsial and chlamydiae

•Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae can only grow and divide with living cell, ‘obligate intracellular parasites.
•Types
1.
Anaerobic
2. Aerobic
3. Facultative anaerobes

Cocci

Cocci: round
• In pairs - diplococci
Cocci
cOCcUs
(gonorrhea)
• Chains = streptococci
• Clusters - staphylococci

Bacilli

Bacilli: straight thin rods.
Bacilli
• form endospores
coccobacillus.
• Tetanus, tuberculosis
diplobacilli

Curved rods

Curved rods
• Vibrios (slightly curved)
• Spirilla (corkscrew)
• Spirochetes (spirals, but can twist around)

Endospores

•Endospores 'spore • Become airborne easily • Resistant to ordinary methods of disinfection-> dangerous • Tetanus, botulism, anthrax • Can live in adverse conditions such as dryness for a very long time

Viruses

• Extremely small microorganisms • Composed of a core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a coat of proteins Classified • Grow only within living cells & 2. whethe "obligated intracellular stranded & parasites" • Do not respond to antibiotics (antibacterial agents)

Prions

• Composed solely of protein • Even smaller than viruses How Creutzfeldt-lakob disease wor CAUSE CONSEQUENCE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused Those affected lose 1 • Slow incubation & hard by abnormal proteins called prions and to move propert that are not killed by standard memory loss. It is al methods for sterilizing surgical usually within one y to destroy equipment. illness. • Produces spongy degeneration of brain tissue NORMAL DISEASE. HUMAN CAUSING PROTEIN PRION As prions build up in cells, the • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease brain slowly shrinks and the tissue fills with holes until it resembles a sponge. in humans (C]D) • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad cow disease in cows & humans

Fungi causes

27 146 I_ 100% • Causes Mycotic infections • cause very few systemic diseases • Examples include: 1. 'Tinea' fungal infection • Cutaneous fungal infection Ring shaped rash 'ringworm' • Tinea pedis -> 'athletes foot' 2. Thrush • some resulting diseases are very dangerous and difficult to cure. e.g. 'Pneumonia' (from inhaled enAnO

Protozoa 4 main types

1. Amebas • irregular mass of cytoplasm that propels itself by extending part of its cell and then flowing into the extension 2. Ciliates • covered with tiny hairs called cilia 3. Flagellates • long whip like filaments called flagella propel these organisms. (Giardia: contaminates water supplies) 4. Apicomplexans/Sporozoa • cannot propel themselves. • Unable to grow without a host.

What is Helminths 2 types This is type 1

A) Ascaris- small intestinal round worm Infest lungs or intestines Contaminated food B) Pin worms- hard to eliminate Large intestine C) Hookworms- parasites that live in small intestine Suck blood causing Anemia Through feet D) Filaria worm- causes filarias Biting insects Cause elephantitis

Helminths Number 2

Flatworms Tape worms, Flukes,

Aseptic methods

> Procedures that kill, remove, or prevent the growth of microbes Sepsis: pathogens in blood Asepsis: a condition in which no pathogens are present. 1. Sterilization: kills all microorganisms 2. Disinfection: kill most microorganisms

Gram stain

Gram Stain: • Apply a bluish purple dye (crystal violet), & add iodine. Gram-positive: GM+ • The colour remains the same (after washing with a solvent) • Appear blueish purple Gram Negative: GM • the colour can be removed by the solvent • Dyed to be visible, usually red