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Functional anatomy > WEEK TWO: Neuromuscular control > Flashcards

WEEK TWO: Neuromuscular control Flashcards

1
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

a. ) cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia
b. ) body, muscles and organs
c. ) spinal nerves and brain

A

a.)

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2
Q

What are the 3 functional organisations of the NS

a. ) collecting info, processing and responding to info, evaluating info
b. ) collecting info, processing and evaluating info, responding to info.
c. ) processing and responding

A

b.)

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the sensory nervous system

a. ) somatic and autonomic
b. ) visceral and autonomic
c. ) somatic and visceral
d. ) none of the above

A

c.)

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4
Q

what does visceral mean?

A

receiving sensory info from organs

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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous tissue?

a. ) Neurons
b. ) Nervous system
c. ) Tissue

A

a.)

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6
Q

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

a. ) To transmit info.
b. ) Structural and metabolic support
c. ) Neurological transmission

A

b.)

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7
Q

What does the endoneurium surround?

A

The axon

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8
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Synapse between a nerve, muscle cell or fibre

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9
Q

Each muscle fibre is controlled by how many motor neurons?

a. ) 5
b. ) 2
c. ) none
d. ) 1

A

d.)

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10
Q

A contraction begins when:

a. ) The action potential is passed from the nerve to the muscle cell or fiber
b. ) A motor neuron impulse (action) stimulates an impulse in a muscle fiber

A

b.)

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11
Q

The neuromuscular joint is the point where:

A

The motor neuron communicates with the muscle fiber

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12
Q

Muscles contain how many motor units?

a. ) 1
b. ) 2
c. ) many motor units

A

c.)

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13
Q

What will determine how big the muscle is and and how many motor units it contains?

A

The type of muscle

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14
Q

Small motor unit provides:

A

Precise control.

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15
Q

In terms of motor units, what provides a strong contraction?

A

Lots of muscle fibers and motor units.

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16
Q

What is the all or non principle in relation to motor units?

A

When motor unit is simulated, then all of the muscle fibers in the unit will contract completely and maximally. Function in a single unit.

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17
Q

How do you vary muscle contractions?

a. ) the amount of strength you exert
b. ) switch on more or less muscle fibers
c. ) switch on more or less motor units

A

c.)

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18
Q

Describe neural control

A

Stored motor patterns.
The more times we do movements, the better they become.
Filtering process to regulate info. that’s coming in and out.
Voluntary, conscious and subconscious.

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19
Q

What four structures are involved with neural control in the brain?

A
  1. The cerebral cortex
  2. The basal ganglia
  3. The cerebellum
  4. Brainstem
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20
Q

What is the cerebral cortex involved with in terms of movement?

A

Highest level of control.

Interpretation of sensory stimuli and production of required response.

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21
Q

Is the cerebral cortex involved with voluntary movement?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What two sub cortex’s are part of the cerebral cortex and what is their primary function?

A

Primary somatosensory area: Bulk of interpretation of info.

Primary motor area: Most of output goes to initiate pre planned movement

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23
Q

What is the basal ganglia and what is it’s primary function?

A

A bunch of nuclei.
Important in storing patterns, learned movements.
Controls maintenance of posture and balance.
Sensory info. for balance and rhythmic activities.

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24
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Integrates all info. from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia together.
Fine tuning effect.
Feedback is relative to motion.

25
Q 
What part of the brain has the two functions of controlling time and intensity of muscle activity and coordinating and fine tuning skeletal muscle movements?
A.) Cerebral cortex
B.) Basal Ganglia
C.) Brain stem
D.) Cerebellum
A

D.)

26
Q

What are the two main functions of the brain stem?

A

Regulates and integrates (both sensory and motor) all CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of neuromuscular actions.
Functions arousal or maintaining wakeful state

27
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate from and how many are there?

A

The brain stem.

12.

28
Q

Is the spinal cord the lowest level of control?

A

Yes, but only in terms of voluntary control.

29
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

Starts ate the foramen magnum and extends inferiorly in vertebral canal to L1-L2

30
Q

What does the inner grey matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons and glial cells

31
Q

What to anterior, lateral and posterior horns contain?

A

Anterior: Soma of somatic motor neurons
Lateral: Soma of autonomic motor neurons
Posterior: Contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

32
Q

What does the gray commissure contain?

A

Unmyelinated axons for communication between right and left side.
Houses a narrow central canal.

33
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each of the regions?

A 
C- 8 nerves
T- 12 nerves
L- 5 nerves
S- 5 nerves
Co- 1 nerve
34
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit?

A

Down to C8, exit above their respective vertebral level, through intervertebral foramen.
From T1 downwards, exit below respective vertebrae.

35
Q

Explain the formation of a spinal nerve

A

Anterior (motor info.) and posterior (sensory info) rootlets, then roots, then merge to form the spinal nerve.
When merge, have mixed info.

36
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic trunk?

A

To send info to organs.

37
Q

What are the two ways to supply info. to muscles?

A

Segmented: One spinal cord segment supplies one area. Only thoracic level.
Integrated: One or more adjacent anterior rami merge to form a plexus. In cervical and lumbar region. Muscles of movement and coordination.

38
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Multiple nerves combining together, cross over. Control muscles of arms and legs.

39
Q

Where is the cervical plexus and what does it control?

A

C1-C4.
Sensation to upper part of shoulders, back of head and neck.
Tongue function and swallowing.

40
Q

Where is the brachial plexus and what does it control?

A

C5-C8, T1.

Everything that moves arms, upper body.

41
Q

Why is the integrated supply of a plexus important?

A

Means if there is damage at one level of the spinal cord, you wont loose one single muscle, but will just have weakness to a certain area.

42
Q

What are the two most important plexus’

A

Brachial plexus

Lumbosacral plexus

43
Q

Where is the lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

44
Q

What are the spinal cord enlargements?

A

Where plexus’ are formed of spinal nerves.

Cervical and Lumbar enlargements.

45
Q

Explain dermatome and myotome

A

Dermatome: Area of skin, supplied by specific spinal nerve/spinal cord/segment. Generalised
Myotome: Group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve/spinal cord segment.

46
Q

What does it mean when we say we need sensory (afferent) input to move?

A

Proprioception and kinesthesis: Awareness of body position and movement.
Send info. back to the nervous system about where we are in space.

47
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

Allow body to subconsciously regulate posture and movement.

48
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

Proprioception combined with other senses= kinesthesis

Kinesthesis: The perception of body movements.

49
Q

Which bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

The skull
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage

50
Q

Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper limb and shoulder girdle

Lower limb and pelvis

51
Q

What does Wolff’s law state?

A

Bones are thickest where muscles attach
Long bones are thick in the middle of the shaft
Curved bones are thickest in the areas where they are most likely to break and;
An area where trabecular bone is abundant is where mechanical forces are the greatest.

52
Q

What is the difference between cranial and caudal?

A

Cranial: Head end. Superior
Caudal: Tail end. Inferior

53
Q

What is another name for anterior and posterior?

A

Ventral and dorsal.

54
Q

Which directional terms are only used when considering structures in the upper and lower limb?

A

Distal and proximal.

55
Q

What is the alternative name for medial/lateral rotation?

A

External/internal rotation

56
Q

What is the alternative name for wrist abduction and adduction?

A

Ulnar deviation

57
Q

What is the difference between rotation and circumduction?

A

Circumduction uses all types of motion

58
Q

How would you describe the direction of the muscle fibres in relation to the spine?

A

Parallel

59
Q

If the muscles in the back of the spine were to concentrically contract (shorten), what movement of the spine would you expect to occur?

A

Straighten your spine.

Functional anatomy (4 decks)

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