WEEK ONE: Musculoskeletal overview

Question 1

Describe the sagittal plane of motion

Answer 1

• Divides into left and right. Glass straight down middle

- Flexion and extension movements

Question 2

Describe the frontal plane of motion

Answer 2

• Divides into anterior and posterior

- Abduction and adduction

Question 3

Describe the transverse plane of motion

Answer 3

• Divides body into super and inferior.

- Rotation

Question 4

Describe the frontal axis of rotation

Answer 4

• Across the body. Forward and back movements

- Flexion and extension

Question 5

Describe the sagittal axis of rotation

Answer 5

• Directly through the body. Left and right movements

- Abduction and adduction

Question 6

Describe the longitudinal axis of rotation

Answer 6

• Directly down the body. Rotation movements

- Medial and lateral rotation

Question 7

Which one of these do muscles not provide?
A.) Produce a major portion of body heat
B.) Assist in regulation of mineral balance
C.) Provide neurological paths
D.) Protection

Answer 7

C.)

Question 8

Explain muscle irritability or excitability

Answer 8

Muscles are sensitive (irritability) or responsive (excitability) to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli

Question 9

What is a tendon?

Answer 9

Attaches muscle to bone, skin or another muscle.

Question 10

Out of the origin and insertion, which is the most moveable attachment point?

Answer 10

The insertion is the more moveable attachment

Question 11

Muscles that move the axial skeleton have what types of attachment?

Answer 11

Have a superior and inferior attachment

Question 12

Muscles that move the appendicular skeleton have what types of attachment?

Answer 12

Have a proximal and distal attachment

Question 13

What does the muscle’s shape and fibre arrangement affect?

Answer 13

• Muscles ability to exert force

- Range which it can effectively exert force onto the bones

Question 14

Greater cross sectional diameter = greater force exertion. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What affects the muscle’s ability to shorten?

Answer 15

• Longer muscles can shorten through a greater range

- Longer muscles are more effective in moving joints through large ranges of motion

Question 16

Name the four patterns of fascicle arrangements in terms of skeletal muscle fibre organisation

Answer 16

Circular
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate

Question 17

Explain the circular fascicle arrangement

Answer 17

• Fibers arranged concentrically around an opening

- E.g orbicularis oris (around lips)

Question 18

Explain the parallel fascicle arrangement

Answer 18

• Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle

- E.g rectus abdominis

Question 19

Explain the convergent fascicle arrangement

Answer 19

• Triangular muscle with common attachment site
• Direction of pull of muscle can be changed
• E.g pectoralis major

Question 20

Explain the pennate fascicle arrangement

Answer 20

• Muscle body has one or more tendons
• Fascicles at oblique angle to tendon
• Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size

Question 21

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Answer 21

• Isometric: Tensions is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant. Prevent undesired movements.
• Isotonic: Muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement

Question 22

What are the two subdivisions of isotonic muscle contractions? Explain the difference

Answer 22

• Concentric: Shortening. Create movement.

- Eccentric: Lengthening. Control movement

Question 23

Can movement occur at a joint without muscle contraction?

Answer 23

Yes, passive. Solely due to external forces such as those applied by another person.

Question 24

Describe agonist muscles

Answer 24

• Prime movers

- Cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically.

Question 25

Describe antagonist muscles

Answer 25

- On the opposite side of joint from the agonist. - Have the opposite concentric action. - Work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement

Question 26

Give an example of an agonist and an antagonist muscle

Answer 26

- Quadricep muscles are antagonists to hamstrings in knee flexion

Question 27

Describe synergist muscles

Answer 27

- Assist in action of agonists | - May also assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motions

Question 28

Describe stabiliser muscles

Answer 28

- Contract to fixate or stabilise the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move (fixators) - Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements

Question 29

Describe the concept of force couples

Answer 29

- When two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about it's axis (steering wheel). - Coupling of muscular forces together in the body can result in a more efficient movement.

Question 30

What happens in terms of force when a muscle shortens

Answer 30

- As a muscle shortens, it's ability to exert force diminishes

Question 31

Describe active insufficiency. | What muscle role does this occur in?

Answer 31

- Reached when the muscle becomes shortened to the point that it can not generate or maintain active tensions - Occurs in the agonist

Question 32

Describe passive insufficiency. | What muscle role does this occur in?

Answer 32

- Reached when the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point that it can no longer lengthen and allow movement - Occurs in the antagonist

Question 33

Why can the hamstrings not stretch enough to allow both maximal hip flexion and maximal knee extension?

Answer 33

- Because of passive insufficiency

Question 34

What is known as the lever and what is known as the fulcrum

Answer 34

Lever: Bones Fulcrum: Around joint axes

Question 35

What is the classification of the lever based on?

Answer 35

- The position of the fulcrum or axis | - The resistance and muscle force arms

Question 36

What are the 3 points that determine the type of lever and for which kind of motion it is best suited?

Answer 36

- Fulcrum (f) - Point E: of effort/force application - Point R: of resistance application

Question 37

What is a joint?

Answer 37

The place where two bones meet. | Joints hold your bones together and allow your rigid skeleton to move.

Question 38

What does movement analysis require an understanding of?

Answer 38

- Forces applied by body structures - Forces applied by gravity, friction or other external forces - Mechanics of joints, lever systems - Any extraneous factors e.g pain

Question 39

which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

Answer 39

Long bones.

Question 40

What does cartilaginous joint and movement allow?

Answer 40

- Synarthrosis: Epiphyseal plates | - Amphiarthrosis: Pubic symphysis

Question 41

The bone markings Rami, trochanters, tubercles and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as:

Answer 41

Attachments for ligaments or tendons

Question 42

An articular capsule is present in:

Answer 42

- Only synovial joints

Question 43

Compact bone is composed of:

Answer 43

- Tubular units called osteons

Question 44

Articulations involve the point of contact between:

Answer 44

- A bone and another bone - Bones and cartilage - Bones and teeth

Question 45

What gives bone it's compressional strength?

Answer 45

- Inorganic salts

Question 46

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 46

- Diaphysis

Question 47

What is the knobby, expanded region at each end of the bone called?

Answer 47

- Epiphysis

Question 48

What is the function of the organisation of trabeculae in spongy bone?

Answer 48

- Provides resistance to stresses from many different directions - Decreases the weight of long bones