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Functional anatomy > WEEK ONE: Musculoskeletal overview > Flashcards

WEEK ONE: Musculoskeletal overview Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sagittal plane of motion

A
  • Divides into left and right. Glass straight down middle

- Flexion and extension movements

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2
Q

Describe the frontal plane of motion

A
  • Divides into anterior and posterior

- Abduction and adduction

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3
Q

Describe the transverse plane of motion

A
  • Divides body into super and inferior.

- Rotation

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4
Q

Describe the frontal axis of rotation

A
  • Across the body. Forward and back movements

- Flexion and extension

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5
Q

Describe the sagittal axis of rotation

A
  • Directly through the body. Left and right movements

- Abduction and adduction

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6
Q

Describe the longitudinal axis of rotation

A
  • Directly down the body. Rotation movements

- Medial and lateral rotation

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7
Q

Which one of these do muscles not provide?
A.) Produce a major portion of body heat
B.) Assist in regulation of mineral balance
C.) Provide neurological paths
D.) Protection

A

C.)

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8
Q

Explain muscle irritability or excitability

A

Muscles are sensitive (irritability) or responsive (excitability) to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli

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9
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Attaches muscle to bone, skin or another muscle.

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10
Q

Out of the origin and insertion, which is the most moveable attachment point?

A

The insertion is the more moveable attachment

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11
Q

Muscles that move the axial skeleton have what types of attachment?

A

Have a superior and inferior attachment

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12
Q

Muscles that move the appendicular skeleton have what types of attachment?

A

Have a proximal and distal attachment

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13
Q

What does the muscle’s shape and fibre arrangement affect?

A
  • Muscles ability to exert force

- Range which it can effectively exert force onto the bones

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14
Q

Greater cross sectional diameter = greater force exertion. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

What affects the muscle’s ability to shorten?

A
  • Longer muscles can shorten through a greater range

- Longer muscles are more effective in moving joints through large ranges of motion

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16
Q

Name the four patterns of fascicle arrangements in terms of skeletal muscle fibre organisation

A

Circular
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate

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17
Q

Explain the circular fascicle arrangement

A
  • Fibers arranged concentrically around an opening

- E.g orbicularis oris (around lips)

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18
Q

Explain the parallel fascicle arrangement

A
  • Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle

- E.g rectus abdominis

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19
Q

Explain the convergent fascicle arrangement

A
  • Triangular muscle with common attachment site
  • Direction of pull of muscle can be changed
  • E.g pectoralis major
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20
Q

Explain the pennate fascicle arrangement

A
  • Muscle body has one or more tendons
  • Fascicles at oblique angle to tendon
  • Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size
21
Q

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

A
  • Isometric: Tensions is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant. Prevent undesired movements.
  • Isotonic: Muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement
22
Q

What are the two subdivisions of isotonic muscle contractions? Explain the difference

A
  • Concentric: Shortening. Create movement.

- Eccentric: Lengthening. Control movement

23
Q

Can movement occur at a joint without muscle contraction?

A

Yes, passive. Solely due to external forces such as those applied by another person.

24
Q

Describe agonist muscles

A
  • Prime movers

- Cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically.

25
Q

Describe antagonist muscles

A
  • On the opposite side of joint from the agonist.
  • Have the opposite concentric action.
  • Work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement
26
Q

Give an example of an agonist and an antagonist muscle

A
  • Quadricep muscles are antagonists to hamstrings in knee flexion
27
Q

Describe synergist muscles

A
  • Assist in action of agonists

- May also assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motions

28
Q

Describe stabiliser muscles

A
  • Contract to fixate or stabilise the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move (fixators)
  • Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements
29
Q

Describe the concept of force couples

A
  • When two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about it’s axis (steering wheel).
  • Coupling of muscular forces together in the body can result in a more efficient movement.
30
Q

What happens in terms of force when a muscle shortens

A
  • As a muscle shortens, it’s ability to exert force diminishes
31
Q

Describe active insufficiency.

What muscle role does this occur in?

A
  • Reached when the muscle becomes shortened to the point that it can not generate or maintain active tensions
  • Occurs in the agonist
32
Q

Describe passive insufficiency.

What muscle role does this occur in?

A
  • Reached when the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point that it can no longer lengthen and allow movement
  • Occurs in the antagonist
33
Q

Why can the hamstrings not stretch enough to allow both maximal hip flexion and maximal knee extension?

A
  • Because of passive insufficiency
34
Q

What is known as the lever and what is known as the fulcrum

A

Lever: Bones
Fulcrum: Around joint axes

35
Q

What is the classification of the lever based on?

A
  • The position of the fulcrum or axis

- The resistance and muscle force arms

36
Q

What are the 3 points that determine the type of lever and for which kind of motion it is best suited?

A
  • Fulcrum (f)
  • Point E: of effort/force application
  • Point R: of resistance application
37
Q

What is a joint?

A

The place where two bones meet.

Joints hold your bones together and allow your rigid skeleton to move.

38
Q

What does movement analysis require an understanding of?

A
  • Forces applied by body structures
  • Forces applied by gravity, friction or other external forces
  • Mechanics of joints, lever systems
  • Any extraneous factors e.g pain
39
Q

which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

A

Long bones.

40
Q

What does cartilaginous joint and movement allow?

A
  • Synarthrosis: Epiphyseal plates

- Amphiarthrosis: Pubic symphysis

41
Q

The bone markings Rami, trochanters, tubercles and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as:

A

Attachments for ligaments or tendons

42
Q

An articular capsule is present in:

A
  • Only synovial joints
43
Q

Compact bone is composed of:

A
  • Tubular units called osteons
44
Q

Articulations involve the point of contact between:

A
  • A bone and another bone
  • Bones and cartilage
  • Bones and teeth
45
Q

What gives bone it’s compressional strength?

A
  • Inorganic salts
46
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

A
  • Diaphysis
47
Q

What is the knobby, expanded region at each end of the bone called?

A
  • Epiphysis
48
Q

What is the function of the organisation of trabeculae in spongy bone?

A
  • Provides resistance to stresses from many different directions
  • Decreases the weight of long bones

Functional anatomy (4 decks)

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