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Functional anatomy > WEEK THREE: NS & Axial skeleton > Flashcards

WEEK THREE: NS & Axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary curve and where does it occur?

A

Thoracic and Sacral vertebrae.
C shape.
As we develop as embryos.
Concave anteriorly, space for organs

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2
Q

What is a secondary curve and where does it occur?

A

Cervical vertebrae: at head, raise head in upright position to look forward
Lumbar vertebrae: Balance of central gravity and shock absorption
Compensation curve. Are lordotic.

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3
Q

Which is not a function of the vertebral column:
A.) Posture: Vertical support for head and body
B.) Protection of spinal cord
C.) Passageway for cranial nerves
D.) Transfer weight to lower limbs

A

C. Passageway for spinal nerves, not cranial nerves

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4
Q

Name the 2 atypical vertebrae and where they are located

A

Atlas: C1
Axis: C2

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5
Q

Describe the Atlas atypical vertebrae.

A
  • Articulates with your skull
  • Has deeper superior articular facetes that articulate with the occipital bone (skull)
  • No spinous process
  • Head flexion and extension because of large facetes that allow for movement
  • Has no body
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6
Q

Describe the Axis atypical vertebrae

A
  • Has a dens, process that come off of the body

- Forms a large pivot point because forms a joint with the axis that allows head to rotate

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7
Q

Describe the formation of the Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae, fused into one bone.
  • Foramun for passageway of nerves
  • The base is the superior part of the sacrum
  • Process is: closest to the body
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8
Q

Describe the formation of the coccyx

A
  • 4 fused vertebrae
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9
Q

The thoracic cage is a bony frame around the chest composed of:

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  • 12 ribs
  • sternum anteriorly
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10
Q

What is the role of the thoracic cage?

A
  • Protects heart, lungs, trachea, oesophagus

- Help with breathing

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11
Q

Explain the difference between true, false and floating ribs

A

True ribs: Articulate directly with the sternum by costal cartilage
False ribs: Don’t directly attach to the sternum, by common cartilage
Floating ribs: Not attached, sit around the back to cover kidneys

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12
Q

What three parts make up the sternum from superior to inferior?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xipohoid process

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13
Q

What two components do the intervertebral discs consist of?

A

Nucleus pulposus: Inner squishy part, gelatinous, to give and change shape
Annulus Fibrosus: Concentric fibrocartilage outer, gives them strength

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14
Q

Which one is not a function of intervertebral discs?
A.) Weight baring (cushioning, supporting spine)
B.) Attachment and spacing (prevent friction)
C.) Restricting movement. Smaller space, less movement.
D.) Restricting excess rotation so spinal nerves don’t get trapped (Annulus Fibrosus locks to stop rotation).

A

C.) Facilitates movement because of space. Bigger space, the greater the movement.

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15
Q

What are the two different joints of the spine?

A
  • Zygopophyseal joints (L & R)

- Intervertebral joints

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16
Q

Describe the zygopophyseal joints of the spine

A
  • Formed between inferior and superior articulating facetes of successive vertebrae.
  • Synovial plane joints (two flat surfaces glide over each other). Allow for individual movement at each level of the vertebral column.
  • Movements are region specific, dependent on orientation of joint surfaces.
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17
Q

Where are the intervertebral joints formed and what type of joint are they?

A
  • Formed between IVD and vertebral bodies.

- Secondary cartilaginous joint

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18
Q

Name the first two ligaments of the spine

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament: Runs down front of spine. To stabilise and prevent movement. Stop excessive extensions.
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament: Runs down back of the spine. Limits flexion
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19
Q

Name the second two ligaments of the spine

A
  • Ligamentum Flavum: Connects directly to laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Between all the vertebrae. Limits flexion
  • Supraspinous ligament: Runs all the way down the spinous process. Limits flexion.
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20
Q

What is the 5th ligament of the spine?

A

Interspinous ligament.

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21
Q

Why are 4/5 ligaments of the spine on the posterior side?

A

To stop excessive flexion.
Already have a bony block to limit extension.
Discs get put under more pressure when we flex. Also need some stability.

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22
Q

What are the two main muscles of the axial skeleton?

A
  • External and internal intercostals: Involved in elevating ribs during inhalation
  • Serratus posterior: Superior and inferior. Respiratory muscle to move ribs upwards/downwards
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23
Q

What is the other group of muscles of the axial skeleton?

A

Prevertebral muscles: Front/side of axial skeleton. Flexion.

Postvertebral muscles: Behind body of vertebrae. Extensions

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24
Q

What are the two muscles involved with flexion of the trunk?

A

Abdominal muscles

Prevertebrals

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25
Q

What is the group of muscles involved with extension of the trunk?

A

Postvertebrals when acting bilaterally.

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26
Q

What are the three groups of muscles involved with lateral flexion and extension of the trunk?

A

Postvertebrals (Acting unilaterally)
Internal and external obliques
Quadratus Lumborum

27
Q

What are the two groups of muscles involved with rotation of the trunk?

A

Internal and external obliques

Postvertebrals

28
Q

What are the two groups of post vertebral muscles?

A
  • Extrinsic: Dont work on the vertebral muscles. Move arms and legs
  • Intrinsic: On the back. Create movements of the spine itself and attach to spine.
29
Q

What are the three layers of the postvertebral intrinsic muscles?

A

Superficial, intermediate and deep layer

30
Q

What are the two muscle groups of the superficial postvertebral intrinsic muscles?

A
  • Splenius capitis: Superior. Attaches to head.
  • Splenius cervicis: Inferior. Attaches to neck
  • Have oblique fibers
31
Q

What movement will occur if the splenius muscles contract unilaterally and bilaterally?

A
  • Unilaterally: Rotate and laterally flex head/neck to the same side
  • Bilaterally: Extend the head and neck
32
Q

What is the main muscle group of the intermediate postvertebral intrinsic muscles? What are the subgroups?

A
  • Erector spinae

- From lateral to medially: Iliocostalsis, longissimus and spinalis

33
Q

What movement will occur if the erector spinae muscles contract unilaterally and bilaterally?

A
  • Unilaterally: Lateral flexion (sideways)
  • Bilaterally: Extend the trunk
  • Also exert compression forces on the vertebral column when active (posture)
34
Q

What is the main muscle group of the deep postvertebral intrinsic muscles? What are the subgroups?

A
  • Transversospinalis

- Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores

35
Q

Why are they called transversospinalis? What is their main function?

A
  • Because they run from transverse to spinous processes.

- Function: Small muscles so stabilise

36
Q

Explain the structure and movement of the semispinalis?

A
  • 4-6 segments
  • Most superficial layer
  • Found in most of regions except lumbar
  • Unilaterally: Rotation
  • Bilaterally: Extensions of head/neck.
  • But movement is not their job.
37
Q

Explain the structure and movement of the Multifidus

A
  • 2-4 segments
  • Primarily found in lumbar region
  • Stabiliser
38
Q

Explain the structure and movement of Rotatores

A
  • 1-2 segments
  • Deepest layer, shortest muscle fibers
  • In thoracic region
  • Stabiliser
  • Add to compression of the vertebral column
  • Closer to joint: More stabilising and compression
39
Q

What are the two muscle groups of the minor deep layer? What is their main function?

A
  • Interspinalis: Connect the spinous processes
  • Intertransversarii: Connect the transverse processes
  • Function: Important stabilisers and sensory feedback
40
Q

What is the group of muscles of the deepest layer of the postvertebral intrinsic muscles? What is the subgroups?

A
  • Suboccipital group

- Rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior.

41
Q

What are the three main functions of the suboccipital group of muscles?

A
  • Maintain postural control of the head
  • Extend and rotate the head/neck
  • Proprioception (because small and close)
  • Also stabilisers.
42
Q

What are the three groups of prevertebral muscles in the cervical region?

A
  • Longus capitis
  • Longus Colli
  • Scalenes
43
Q

Describe the location and movement of the longus capitis and longus colli

A
  • Longus capitis (head) and longus colli (neck) are found anterior to vertebral bodies of cervical vertebrae.
  • Flexion of the head and neck
44
Q

Describe the location, movement and function of the scalenes

A
  • Anterior, middle and posterior scalenes. Are more lateral.
  • Attach to neck and ribs
  • Flexion of the neck
  • Main function: breathing
45
Q

Why are the scalenes not true prevertebrals?

A

Because they are more lateral

46
Q

Name the group of prevertebrals in the thoracic region

A

None because you don’t need to flex in the thoracic region

47
Q

Name the two groups of prevertebral muscles in the lumbar region

A
  • Quadratus Lumborum

- Psoas major and minor

48
Q

Describe the location, movement and function of the quadratus lumborum

A
  • Extends from 12th rib, down to the pelvis, either side of the lumbar vertebrae
  • Unilaterally: Lateral flexion of the trunk
  • Important stabilisers of pelvis.
49
Q

Describe the location, movement and function of the psoas major and minor

A
  • Attach to lumbar vertebrae and the femur
  • Trunk and hip (femur) flexion
  • Increases lumbar lordosis. Posture
50
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles as a group?

A

To stabilise and create compression through lumbar region to maintain posture and support spine

51
Q

Why are strong abdominal muscles necessary?

A

To balance out the strength of the lower back and maintain posture

52
Q

Name the three groups of abdominal muscles

A
  • External and internal obliques
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
53
Q

What is the movement of the external obliques unilaterally and bilaterally?

A
  • Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation (opposite side), and ipsilateral (same side) lateral flexion
  • Bilaterally: Flexion
  • Also compression of abdomen
54
Q

What is the movement of the internal obliques unilaterally and bilaterally?

A
  • Unilaterally: Ipsilateral rotation and ipsilateral lateral flexion
  • Bilaterally: Flexion
  • Also compression of abdomen
55
Q

What is the structure and function of the transversus abdominis

A
  • Across like a belt

- Abdominal compression and stabilises

56
Q

What is the structure and function of the rectus abdominis?

A
  • Attaches to pelvis at the bottom
  • Posterior pelvic tilt, prevents over flexion
  • Flexion of the trunk
  • Bilaterally: Lumbar flexion
  • Unilaterally: Some lateral flexion
57
Q

What is the cordau equina?

A

Group of axons in the vertebral canal, inferior to the end of the spinal cord.

58
Q

How is the distribution of spinal nerves different in the thoracic region of the spinal cord compared to the cervical and lumbosacral regions?

A

Segmental innervation in the thoracic region because only need simple movements, not for upper or lower limb movement.

59
Q

What is the primary function of the meninges of the spinal cord?

A

Separate the soft tissue of the CNS from the bones of the vertebrae and skull.

60
Q

What is the significance of the tubercle of the rib?

A

The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae.

61
Q

What is the name of the anterior articulations between the sternum and the ribs?

A

Costal notches.

62
Q

When the atlas and the axis articulate together, what is this joint called and what is its classification?
What movement occurs?

A

Atlantoaxial joint, synovial.

Movement: Shake head

63
Q

What do the lamina and pedicle of the thoracic vertebrae form?

A

The vertebral arch

64
Q

The vertebral body and arch reflect the dual function of the vertebral column. What are they?

A

Protection

Backboard access for movement to allow for weight baring

Functional anatomy (4 decks)

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