WEEK TWO: Immunity (TAE) 2 - 42 Flashcards
What this flashcard set covers cause im uncertain of what slides im supposed to be doing –>
I did slides 2 - 36 so buckle up cause its a lot on the immune system lmaooo
Functions of the immune system
- Protects the body against antigens
-Prevents proliferation of mutant cells - Provides memory cells for long lasting immunity
- Figure 22.2
Comparison of innate and adaptive immunity
- Innate immunity → NO time lag, not antigen specific, no memory
- Adaptive immunity → a lag period, antigen specific, development of memory
Adaptive immune response is:
- An Interaction between antigen and antibody or reactive lymphocyte (t-cell)
Is the adaptive immune system specific or general (in what it targets, etc)
- Its more specific than the Innate Immune system
- Two types: humoral and cell mediated
- Specialized immune cells and antibodies attack and destroy by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response
Humoral immunity (2 types of it)
- Two forms –> active (natural or acquired) actively makes antibody after exposure
- passive → from someone else
Cell mediated immunity is…
…An autoimmune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Leukocytes (WBCs): The basics
- Cells of the immune system formed in the bone marrow
- Start as stem cells (baby wbcs) then differentiate
Major cellular components of the innate-nonspecific system (literally everything in your blood pretty much)
- All formed elements (except t lymphocytes) leave the bone marrow and directly enter and circulate the blood
- T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus prior to circulating in the blood
- Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophil, eosiophil, basophil, monocyte, B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte
Neutrophils: phagocytic
- Major category → 60 - 80% of WBCs
- First to arrive within 6 - 12 hours (1st wave)
- Engulf invading micro-organisms through phagocytosis
- 10 hour life span
Macrophages phagocytic …and their unique job involving antigens
- Monocytes are within macrophages (WBCs) and are the second to arrive at the injury
- Consist of 5% WBCs
- Engulf micro-organisms and more efficient than neutrophils (don’t last long)
- Antigen presenting cells: Unique function to process the antigens (foreign substances) for the lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells) to take over later
Macrophages and the process of presenting antigens
- Process antigens and communicate with lymphocytes
- “Presents the antigen to the B and T cells
Ingest the antigen (phagocytosis)
Eosinophils: phagocytic
- phagocytic cells
- Consist of 1 - 6 ^% of WBCs
- Prominent in inflammatory sites
- Specialized for clearing necrotic and apoptotic material
- Are associated with allergies and parasites
- have lots of lysozymes (suicide pill in the cell) binds with parasites and damages them
Phagocytes over all have the functions of
Engulf bacteria, release toxic chemicals, and introduce antigens
Basophils and mast cells
- 0 - 2 % of WBCs
- Have histamine inside
- Associated with allergies and stress
- Masts: located in connective tissues instead of blood.
NK cells
- Apoptosis initiating cells
- Recognize unhealthy cells
- secrete proteins or viral proteins. Uses perforins to make holes in membranes and granzymes to initiate apoptosis
Interferons…what are they?
signaling molecule release by viral infected cell (cytokine)
- via google: a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication.
How Interferons work
- Binds receptors of neighboring cells
- Promotes macrophage function and apoptosis of infected cell
- Triggers synthesis of enzymes destroying viral RNA or DNA
- Triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins
Complement proteins
11 antimicrobial proteins in plasma “compliments” functions of antibodies. They have a number of functions (below) to defend against pathogens
Complement proteins
- Opsosin - coats pathogen to make appear different and thus recognizable by macrophages
- Inflammation → activates mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and macrophages to increase inflammatory response
- Cytolysis → causes cell lysis (big MAC attack)
- Eliminates antigen antibody complexes on RBCs killed in spleen
B & T Cells…when are they used…
When alarm occurs, macrophages and other cells may be deployed to help attack the invading pathogen….so B and T cells are used when this doesn’t work well and we need a more specific way of attack
B & T cells…what are they used for generally?
- Used as a line of defense that uses past behaviors and interactions which learn to recognize specific foreign threats and attack them when they reappear
^^ generated by leukocytes by ETP cells
Review of immune cells
- Adaptive system
- B-cells
- T-cells
Antigens
- Any substance that is recognized as foreign by the body
- A marker that tells your body whether something is harmful or not (found on viruses, bacteria, tumors, normal cells)
- Stimulates the immune system
