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NRSG 354 - Pathophysiology > WEEK TWO: Immunity (TAE) 2 - 42 > Flashcards

WEEK TWO: Immunity (TAE) 2 - 42 Flashcards

1
Q

What this flashcard set covers cause im uncertain of what slides im supposed to be doing –>

A

I did slides 2 - 36 so buckle up cause its a lot on the immune system lmaooo

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2
Q

Functions of the immune system

A
  • Protects the body against antigens
    -Prevents proliferation of mutant cells
  • Provides memory cells for long lasting immunity
  • Figure 22.2
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3
Q

Comparison of innate and adaptive immunity

A
  • Innate immunity → NO time lag, not antigen specific, no memory
  • Adaptive immunity → a lag period, antigen specific, development of memory
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4
Q

Adaptive immune response is:

A
  • An Interaction between antigen and antibody or reactive lymphocyte (t-cell)
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5
Q

Is the adaptive immune system specific or general (in what it targets, etc)

A
  • Its more specific than the Innate Immune system
  • Two types: humoral and cell mediated
  • Specialized immune cells and antibodies attack and destroy by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response
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6
Q

Humoral immunity (2 types of it)

A
  • Two forms –> active (natural or acquired) actively makes antibody after exposure
  • passive → from someone else
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7
Q

Cell mediated immunity is…

A

…An autoimmune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

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8
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs): The basics

A
  • Cells of the immune system formed in the bone marrow
  • Start as stem cells (baby wbcs) then differentiate
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9
Q

Major cellular components of the innate-nonspecific system (literally everything in your blood pretty much)

A
  • All formed elements (except t lymphocytes) leave the bone marrow and directly enter and circulate the blood
  • T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus prior to circulating in the blood
  • Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophil, eosiophil, basophil, monocyte, B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte
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10
Q

Neutrophils: phagocytic

A
  • Major category → 60 - 80% of WBCs
  • First to arrive within 6 - 12 hours (1st wave)
  • Engulf invading micro-organisms through phagocytosis
  • 10 hour life span
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11
Q

Macrophages phagocytic …and their unique job involving antigens

A
  • Monocytes are within macrophages (WBCs) and are the second to arrive at the injury
  • Consist of 5% WBCs
  • Engulf micro-organisms and more efficient than neutrophils (don’t last long)
  • Antigen presenting cells: Unique function to process the antigens (foreign substances) for the lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells) to take over later
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12
Q

Macrophages and the process of presenting antigens

A
  • Process antigens and communicate with lymphocytes
  • “Presents the antigen to the B and T cells
    Ingest the antigen (phagocytosis)
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13
Q

Eosinophils: phagocytic

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • Consist of 1 - 6 ^% of WBCs
  • Prominent in inflammatory sites
  • Specialized for clearing necrotic and apoptotic material
  • Are associated with allergies and parasites
  • have lots of lysozymes (suicide pill in the cell) binds with parasites and damages them
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14
Q

Phagocytes over all have the functions of

A

Engulf bacteria, release toxic chemicals, and introduce antigens

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15
Q

Basophils and mast cells

A
  • 0 - 2 % of WBCs
  • Have histamine inside
  • Associated with allergies and stress
  • Masts: located in connective tissues instead of blood.
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16
Q

NK cells

A
  • Apoptosis initiating cells
  • Recognize unhealthy cells
  • secrete proteins or viral proteins. Uses perforins to make holes in membranes and granzymes to initiate apoptosis
17
Q

Interferons…what are they?

A

signaling molecule release by viral infected cell (cytokine)
- via google: a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication.

18
Q

How Interferons work

A
  1. Binds receptors of neighboring cells
  2. Promotes macrophage function and apoptosis of infected cell
  3. Triggers synthesis of enzymes destroying viral RNA or DNA
  4. Triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins
19
Q

Complement proteins

A

11 antimicrobial proteins in plasma “compliments” functions of antibodies. They have a number of functions (below) to defend against pathogens

20
Q

Complement proteins

A
  • Opsosin - coats pathogen to make appear different and thus recognizable by macrophages
  • Inflammation → activates mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and macrophages to increase inflammatory response
  • Cytolysis → causes cell lysis (big MAC attack)
  • Eliminates antigen antibody complexes on RBCs killed in spleen
21
Q

B & T Cells…when are they used…

A

When alarm occurs, macrophages and other cells may be deployed to help attack the invading pathogen….so B and T cells are used when this doesn’t work well and we need a more specific way of attack

22
Q

B & T cells…what are they used for generally?

A
  • Used as a line of defense that uses past behaviors and interactions which learn to recognize specific foreign threats and attack them when they reappear
    ^^ generated by leukocytes by ETP cells
23
Q

Review of immune cells

A
  • Adaptive system
  • B-cells
  • T-cells
24
Q

Antigens

A
  • Any substance that is recognized as foreign by the body
  • A marker that tells your body whether something is harmful or not (found on viruses, bacteria, tumors, normal cells)
  • Stimulates the immune system
25
Q

B and T cells attachment

A
  • B cells can connect to virus antigens on the surface of the invading virus or bacteria (humoral immunity)
  • T cells can only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells (cell-mediated immunity)
26
Q

Antibodies/immunoglobulin functions

A
  1. Neutralize bacterial toxins
  2. Neutralize virus
  3. Help with phagocytosis
  4. Activate further immune response
27
Q

B and T cells: Origin & Development

A
  • Both B cells and T cells are derived from specific types of stem cells, called multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, in the bone marrow
  • After they are made in the bone marrow, they need to mature and become activated.
  • B cells remain in the bone marrow to mature
  • T cells travel to the thymus where stimulated by hormone thymosin to develop
28
Q

B-cells: Life span and general facts

A
  • Made in the bone marrow
  • Circulate in the blood
  • Creates humoral immunity (blood)
  • Each type of b cell responds to a specific antigen
  • Some are less specialized
    5 - 7 day life span
29
Q

B-cells & what they react to + what they create

A
  • B-lymphocytes react with antigen
  • Create plasma cells (IgG’s etc) antibodies and memory cells in case infection happnes again
30
Q

T cells: Life span and general facts

A
  • Made in the bone marrow
  • Programed in the thymus
  • Have a life span of years
  • Creates cell mediated immunity (in the tissues)
  • Attacks antigen directly
31
Q

Types of T Cells

A
  • Helper t cells → CD4 helper cells. They turn on killer t cells and b cells
  • Cytotoxic killer cells (CD8 killer cells)
32
Q

Other types of T-cells

A
  • Delayed hypersensitivity (Td-cells)
  • Memory cells
    -Suppressor T-cells (CD8+ kill viruses)
33
Q

CD4 cells and CD8 cells. What do they fight??

A
  • CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppresor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells help fight infections
  • CD8 cells cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and intracellular pathogens
34
Q

How are antigens used to activate B cells?

A
  1. Antigens are phagocytosed by macrophages
  2. Macrophage presents antigen to CD4+ lymphocytes (helper cells)
  3. These cells stimulate B-cells (quick response).
35
Q

Primary response to an antigen exposure (applies to vaccines too)

A
  • 1st exposure occurs
  • 5 -7 days later IgM antibodies are detectable
  • The immune system is “primed”
    B cells have “reacted”
36
Q

Secondary immune response

A
  • Memory cells are triggered by 2nd exposure
  • Rapid production of igM and IgG antibodies
37
Q

Active immunity. What two ways can you get active immunity?

A
  • Comes from exposure to infection
  • Also from immunizations (vaccines)
  • Gives long-lasting immunity but is not immediate
  • Takes time for immune system to react
38
Q

Passive immunity. Natural AND Artificial

A
  • Recieve immunity from someone else (preformed antibodies)
  • In utero
  • Breast milk
  • Antiserum (gamma globulin). Which is a blood serum to protect or treat against disease.
  • Provides immediate protection
    Is short acting (few weeks to months)
39
Q

How vaccines work

A
  • For certain diseases they imitate an infection, which teaches immune system how to fight off future infection
  • May have fever symptoms
  • When t-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are supplied, immunity results as remembers how to fight that disease.
  • Typically takes a few weeks (before immunity takes hold could get infection)
  • When vaccinated, still possible to get disease but less severe

NRSG 354 - Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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