Week Three: Origin of Life and Cells

Question 1

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Cells that lack internal membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles (including a central nucleus).

Question 3

What is an organelle?

Answer 3

The membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions.

Question 4

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

The gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells.

Question 5

What are ribosomes?

Answer 5

A complex of RNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis in all cells.

Question 6

What is osmosis?

Answer 6

The diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Question 7

Hypotonic vs. Hypertonic vs. Isotonic

Answer 7

**Hypotonic **describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm. Hypertonic describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm. **Isotonic **describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cell’s cytoplasm.

Question 8

Bacterial Cells

Answer 8

• do not have a nucleus
• single circular DNA
• no membrane-bound organelles
• typically have a cell wall
• are smaller in size
• may have a capsule, fimbriae, and/or flagella

Question 9

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 9

• Have a nucleus
• Linear DNA
• Have membrane-bound organelle
• May have a cell wall (plant cells, fungi, protists)
• Are larger in size
• Have a complex cytoskeleton

Question 10

Simmilarities between bacterial & eukaryotic cells

Answer 10

• Has a plasma membrane and cytoplasm
• Have ribosomes

Question 11

Managemen: sends out instructions (DNA→RNA)

Answer 11

Nucleus

Question 12

Workbench: makes products (proteins)

Answer 12

Ribosome/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 13

Processing and Distribution: prepares products to leave factory/cell

Answer 13

Golgi Body

Question 14

Structure and Transport: moves proteins around in factory/cell

Answer 14

Cytoskeleton

Question 15

Security Fence with Gate: controls what comes into and leaves the factory/cell

Answer 15

Cell Membrane

Question 16

Powerhouse: provides energy in a form the factory/cell can use (ATP)

Answer 16

Mitochondria

Question 17

Cleanup crew: disposes of old and worn out products and equipment; prepares them for recycling

Answer 17

Lysosome

Question 18

Gram Positive:

Answer 18

Describes bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the Gram stain

Question 19

Gram Negative:

Answer 19

Describes bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane that does not retain the Gram stain