Week Three Flashcards
What are the three lines of defense?
- Innate resistance (epithelial barriers, mucosal membranes, GI and GU tract)
- 5 Mononuclear Phagocytic System (nonspecific, monocytes and macrophage)
- Inflammation (nonspecific)
- Acquired/Adaptive Immunity (B and T cells!)
Name the white blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophage, dendritic cells, lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Neutrophils are the …
First responders; once they perform phagocytosis, they die. If you test someone for neutrophil count and it’s higher than 5%, the band has “shifted to the left”
Eosinophils …
have to do with allergic reactions and parasites.
Basophils/Mast Cells
Works with mucosal surfaces, assists in the inflammatory response, secretes heparin, signals other cells
Monocytes and Macrophage
- Perform phagocytosis
- Secrete cytokines (brings T cells)
- Present antigen for T cells
Dendritic Cells
Antigen Presenting; specific and nonspecific
What are the chemical mediators in the immune system?
Complement (important signalling in the immune process), Kinins (important in feeling pain during inflammation), Clotting factors (stops bleeding), Cytokines and chemokines (signalling factors secreted by macrophage and lymphocytes)
What are the three purposes of the inflammatory response?
- Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents
- Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissues.
- Prepare damaged tissue for repair
What five cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the three processes of inflammation?
- Increased vascular permeability
- Emigration of Leukocytes
- Phagocytosis
In healing, define the primary and secondary intention.
Primary intention: approximated wound edges like a paper cut; the areas heal at the same time
2. Secondary infection: heals from the bottom up; higher risk of infection; more loss of function
Localized vs. Systemic
Systemic manifestations are all the same for inflammation… look beyond those to the localized symptoms for the real answer
T lymphocytes break up into two categories… explain down the line to MHC
Thelper1 and 2 cells use CD4 and MHC2 to identify antigens for presenting as well as releasing cytokines to call of B cells and Tcytotoxic cells.
Tcytotoxic cells use CD8 and MHC1 to present antigens as well as kill them.
The third line of defense does three things…
- Recognizes foreign invaders
- Destroying foreign invaders
- Remembering foreign invaders for next time
Humoral Immunity …
B cells! (b-bop) Activation of the humoral immunity (for a second invasion) need the T cells to release cytokines to call the B cells over.
Name the Antibodies and their functions.
IgG - Most common; works against toxins, bacteria, and viruses
IgM - First responder; activates complement, has to do with blood type reactions
IgA - works with mononuclear phagocytic system; defense against pathogens near mucosal surfaces
IgD - nobody knows.
IgE - allergy and parasite infection; activates mast cells to release histamines
What are the overall functions of the Antibodies?
- Precipation and Agglutination
- Neutralization
- Opsonization
- Complement activation
Active and Passive Immunity
Active Immunity you build up from every day life; Passive immunity is borrowed and short-lived, like IgA in colostrum, IgG in placenta, hep B Ab injections
What are the six links in the chain of infection?
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- means of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
