Clinical Manifestations - Exam One Flashcards
CM: change of bowel habits, occult or frank blood in stool, abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, anemia
Colorectal cancer-genetic and risk factors
Mechanism: cell transformation in mucosal epithelium of the bowel at the base of crypts.
The mechanism of colorectal cancer…
At base of crypts, the cells transform and the mucosal epithelium is altered causing possible obstructions.
Found mostly in children this Leukemia is very curable.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia - affecting the B and T lymphocytes
CM: anemia, bruising, bleeding, bone pain, weight loss, fever, headache and vomiting
Leukemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Primarily in adults, the mechanism of this disease lacks the ability to differentiate WBCs and RBCs.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
The Philadelphia chromosome in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia mechanizes how…
Activates oncogene for unbridled cell growth.
CM: persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up bloody sputum.
Lung Cancer
Affecting the epithelial lining of the lungs.
CM: corpris “ring worm,” versicolor-hypo pigmentation, capitis- hair loss and breakage, pedis- maceration between and around the toes, cairis-erythema, itching, unguium- nail thickening and discoloration.
Tinea or fungal infection
Fungus attaches and then thickens the epithelial cells of the affected area
CM: dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria, cloudy or purulent urine
UTI
Cell necrosis in the UT epithelium
CM: sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, drainage, chills, fever, body aches, malaise
Influenza
Viral infection of epithelial cells if the airway, respiratory droplet transmission, necrosis
CM: starts with fever, loss of appetite, GI issues, slow lymph node reactions
Continues with opportunistic infections likes thrush, PCP pneumonia etc
HIV/AIDs (virus infection/clinical infection)
Infection of the CD4 T helper cells and then the loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity
CM: depend on when the nondisjuncture of the X chromosome; short stature, gonadal failure, cardiac and kidney abnormalities, skeletal and soft tissue abnormality, hearing loss, learning and social problems.
Turner syndrome
Dec. life expectancy, diabetes and heart disease
CM: jaundice, anemia, pain, organ damage due to poor clotting, infection, mostly related to proportion of circulation
Sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Single gene mutation (HbS) alters the shape of the blood cells.
CM: hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, clot formation, stroke, possible worsening by environmental toxins
Cardiovascular disease
Airborne particles cause oxidative damage to the heart and blood vessels.
CM: initial symptoms relative to normal aging, memory and language loss, confusion, restlessness, mood swings, difficult vision
Alzheimer’s disease
Senile plaques near the blood vessels in the brain affecting neuron function and neurofibrillary tangles degenerate brain cells
CM: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), postural instability
Parkinson’s disease
Neurons of basal ganglia affected by depleting dopamine stores and imbalanced neurotransmitters
CM: vary from mild to severe
Shortness of breath, syncope, impaired cardiac function
Lessened heart function resulting in muscle growth to overcome failure.
CM: heat, swelling, pain, loss of function (INFLAMMATION), blistering, redness, eschar, edema, exudate
Burns Exposure type and time: 1. Superficial partial thickness 2. Deep partial thickness 3. Full thickness
Rule of 9!!!
CM: involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, emotional disturbance
Huntington disease
Autosomal dominant disease
Progressive degenerative disorder, degeneration of basal ganglia and cortical regions of the brain.
CM: None, but risk factors include early sexual activity, >3 sexual partners, HPV, smoking
Cervical metaplasia and dysplasia
Environmental stress causing a change in cell type or abnormal, undifferentiated growth
CM: fractures, thinning of bone cortex resulting in weakness
Osteoporosis
Imbalance of bone remodeling. The resorption is favored to formation
Etiology: reduced stimulation or injury
Cerebral atrophy
Focal or global CM
CM: mental delay, altered facial features, cardiac function defects, GI malformation, leukemia, thyroid dysfunction
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Nondisjunction, inherited, mosaicism
Go through the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21
Nuchal translucency test - @10-14 weeks; 7/10 nondiagnostic
Quad test - blood tests over a series of weeks @16-20 weeks; 81% sensitivity and 5% false positive
Anatomical anomalies in ultrasound
Fetal karyotype
- chronic villa sampling ; 95% accurate - 1/100 result in abortion
- amniocentesis ; 99.5% accurate - 1/200 result in abortion
CM: mild to debilitating. Non symmetrical joints. Pain. Stiffness. Inflammation. Decreased mobility.
Rheumatoid Arthitis
Chronic inflammation only the synovial membranes and synovial hyperplasia.
