Week One Flashcards
Atrophy
Cell shrinkage
Eg muscle cell or brain
Hyperplasia
Addition of organized cells along the basement membrane
Eg monthly period
Hypertrophy
Cell expansion
Eg cardiac
Metaplasia
Replacing normal cells with a different cell line
Can lead to CA
Eg cilia in a smokers lungs
Dysplasia
Normal cells being replaced by immature cells
Can lead to CA
Eg cervical dysplasia
Causes of Cell Injury or Death
Physical/Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical
Define the mechanisms of cell death
Apoptosis: programmed cell death
Necrosis: death by external/internal means - not caused by cell
Within an ischemic cell, what happens after the Na+ pump does not receive enough ATP?
Inc. Na+ intracellular (followed by water causing acute cell swelling)
Inc. K extra cellular (versus the 3:2 ratio)
Inc. Ca+2 intracellular
With a lack of ATP in an ischemic cell, what effects follow increased glycolysis?
Dec. glycogen
Inc. lactate
Describe a possible scenario involving fee radicals.
Inc. free radicals - cell stress - metaplasia or dysplasia - CA
On the Pathophysiological Concept Map, what three questions should you ask yourself in regards to clinical modules?
What is the cause? (Etiology)
What is it doing? (Mechanism)
What are the signs and symptoms? (Clinical Manifestation)
The beginning of a disease is also known as…
Pathogenesis
Senescence
How the cells age
What is the difference between developmental and stochastic theories?
Developmental theories have to do with genetics, DNA repair an immunological changes whereas the stochastic theories focus more on cumulative cell damage.
Does normal aging cause disease?
NO!!!!!
Describe Cellular Changes in normal aging.
Altered cellular adaptation
Accumulation of metabolic waste products - ischemia and free radicals
Describe Appearance in normal aging.
Skin changes - thin and mess elastic
Vascular adaptations related to blood vessels lessen
Hair changes
Describe fluid and electrolyte balance in normal aging.
Decreased total body water Body mass changes Renal function dec. altered sodium balance Blood vessels supplying to the kidneys harden over time
Describe inflammatory response in normal aging.
The signs of inflammation are less visible.
Lower WBC count
Lower fevers (99.4)
Cumulative damage to immune system due to chronic disease and medication intake
Describe the immune response in normal aging.
Diminished antigenic response (dec. T lymphocyte function, Thymus degeneration, dec. IgE mediated hypersensitivity, enhanced autoimmune response)
Delayed wound healing
Describe proliferation changes in normal aging.
Inc cancer risk (impaired immunity, accumulated genetic mutations, carcinogen exposure, impaired DNA repair)
Describe neurologic function in normal aging.
Alteration in cognitive, sensitive, pain, and motor response.
Describe mobility in normal aging.
Bone mass reduction (osteopenia, osteoporosis, kyphosis, chondrocalcinosis)
Loss of lean body fat (sarcopenia)
Describe perfusion in normal aging.
Dec elasticity of vascular smooth muscle
Increased after load
Left ventricular wall thickness leading to atherosclerosis
Dec pulmonary capillary density which limits oxygen availability
In normal aging, the metabolic processes affect women by…
A loss of estrogen which could lead to osteoporosis.
Also, nutrition, metabolism, acid-base balance, and endocrine system are altered.
In normal aging, elimination of renal and GI are affected how?
Reduced nephrons, dec renal blood flow, dec GFR func, renin and aldosterone levels are messing up the body’s water by salt, impaired drug excretion, possible urinary incontinence.
Constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence or impacting
