Week Thirteen Prejudice and Cultural Psychology Flashcards
What did research concerning the types of prejudice typically tend to focus on?
Racism, sexism
What is there a growing body of evidence for in terms of relevant areas of prejudice today?
Ageism, homophobia, towards people with mental or physical disabilities
Describe the findings of ‘ability versus luck of attributions of success on gender-specific tasks (Deaux & Emswiler, 1974)
Asymmetry in attitudes based upon gender of actor
- if task was stereotypically masculine: female’s success = luck, males success = ability
-if task stereotypically feminine: female’s success = ability
Who holds the traditional view of prejudice, which is also consistent with the three-component attitude model?
Allport, 1945b
List the elements of the three-component attitude model
- Cognitive - beliefs about group
- Affective - strong feelings towards group
- Conative - intentions to behave certain way towards a group
Define stereotypes
Beliefs about typical characteristics of group members
What is the emotional component of a stereotype?
Prejudice component - negative evaluations
What is the behavioural component of a stereotype?
Discrimination - overt negative behaviour
What was the finding of Anglo-and-Indigenous Australians’ views of each other 0-7 scale (Majoribanks et al., 1986)
Inherent bias towards Indigenous Australians by Anglo-Australians
Positive evaluation of Anglo-Australians
List the responses to the question about Black people and neighbourhoods
1960s 80% said they would move
1990s 25%
1960s 55% Whites have right to keep Black people out
1990s 15%
What were the findings of stereotypes in action: white men can’t jump (Stone, Perry & Darley, 1997)
White:
- greater ‘hustle’
- greater ‘basketball sense’
Black:
- more athletic ability
- played better game
What are the psychological variables underlying prejudice?
Social categorisation
Categorisation and social identity theory
Consequences of social categorisation
Psychological motives for prejudice
How did Taylor et al., 2006 define social categorisation?
Process by which we perceive people as members of groups or categories rather than as distinct individuals
What is the minimal group paradigm (Tajfel et al.,1971)?
Idea that simply belonging to group even when there is no conflict between that group and other groups gives rise to prejudice
What did the studies on the minimal group paradigm find?
Competitive in-group behaviour occurs even when groups created at random
What are the consequences of social categorisation?
Accentuation effect – > we overestimate differences between groups when we categorise them
Out-group homogeneity effect – > out-members all the same, in-groups seen as individuals
Assumed similarity effect – > in-group members assumed to share attitudes and values
What did Festtingher say about social comparisons?
We look to others to determine how we feel about ourselves e.g. exam performance
List the psychological motives for prejudice
Social categorisation/social identity theory
Realistic group conflict
Relative deprivation
Social dominance theory
Define realistic group conflict
When two groups compete for same resources it leads to inter-group hostility
Define relative deprivation in relation to prejudice
Prejudice may stem from our idea we are deprived compared to others
What was the finding of a survery in England about rape (Wagstaff, 1982)?
33% of population believed victims almost always to blame
What did Mccaul et al. (1990) find in relation to blaming victims of rape?
Victim rated with low respectability thought to more likely experience pleasure during attack
More attractive person blamed more
What does Volkerpsychologic mean?
Psychology of the folk (people)
Collective form of existence
What are the key features of things studied by cultural psychologists?
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values
Outline the two approaches to the study of culture
Etic - > variables that exist across cultures
Emic - > variables limited to single culture
What does Farr (1996) claim psychological theory is dominated by?
White, middle class, North Americans
What did the study of facial expressions find?
Predicting emotions from facial expressions is a universal ability
What was the sixth dimension of personality found by Yang and Bond in a Chinese sample?
Optimism
What were the five universal dimensions found across all countries Leung and Bond?
Cynicism
Social complexity
Reward for application
Spirituality
Fate
Describe Jindaola
Story and learning that can be seen in the land
In Yuin country (where UOW is situated) the goanna walks the country sharing the proper
What is the purpose of values?
To orient people’s specific attitudes and behaviour in an integrated and meaningful manner
Where does Australia sit on the these four dimensions?
High (index of 90) for individuality
Relatively low (36) power distance compared to world average (55)
