Week Thirteen Prejudice and Cultural Psychology

Question 1

What did research concerning the types of prejudice typically tend to focus on?

Answer 1

Racism, sexism

Question 2

What is there a growing body of evidence for in terms of relevant areas of prejudice today?

Answer 2

Ageism, homophobia, towards people with mental or physical disabilities

Question 3

Describe the findings of ‘ability versus luck of attributions of success on gender-specific tasks (Deaux & Emswiler, 1974)

Answer 3

Asymmetry in attitudes based upon gender of actor
- if task was stereotypically masculine: female’s success = luck, males success = ability
-if task stereotypically feminine: female’s success = ability

Question 4

Who holds the traditional view of prejudice, which is also consistent with the three-component attitude model?

Answer 4

Allport, 1945b

Question 5

List the elements of the three-component attitude model

Answer 5

1. Cognitive - beliefs about group
2. Affective - strong feelings towards group
3. Conative - intentions to behave certain way towards a group

Question 6

Define stereotypes

Answer 6

Beliefs about typical characteristics of group members

Question 7

What is the emotional component of a stereotype?

Answer 7

Prejudice component - negative evaluations

Question 8

What is the behavioural component of a stereotype?

Answer 8

Discrimination - overt negative behaviour

Question 9

What was the finding of Anglo-and-Indigenous Australians’ views of each other 0-7 scale (Majoribanks et al., 1986)

Answer 9

Inherent bias towards Indigenous Australians by Anglo-Australians
Positive evaluation of Anglo-Australians

Question 10

List the responses to the question about Black people and neighbourhoods

Answer 10

1960s 80% said they would move
1990s 25%
1960s 55% Whites have right to keep Black people out
1990s 15%

Question 11

What were the findings of stereotypes in action: white men can’t jump (Stone, Perry & Darley, 1997)

Answer 11

White:
- greater ‘hustle’
- greater ‘basketball sense’

Black:
- more athletic ability
- played better game

Question 12

What are the psychological variables underlying prejudice?

Answer 12

Social categorisation
Categorisation and social identity theory
Consequences of social categorisation
Psychological motives for prejudice

Question 13

How did Taylor et al., 2006 define social categorisation?

Answer 13

Process by which we perceive people as members of groups or categories rather than as distinct individuals

Question 14

What is the minimal group paradigm (Tajfel et al.,1971)?

Answer 14

Idea that simply belonging to group even when there is no conflict between that group and other groups gives rise to prejudice

Question 15

What did the studies on the minimal group paradigm find?

Answer 15

Competitive in-group behaviour occurs even when groups created at random

Question 16

What are the consequences of social categorisation?

Answer 16

Accentuation effect – > we overestimate differences between groups when we categorise them
Out-group homogeneity effect – > out-members all the same, in-groups seen as individuals
Assumed similarity effect – > in-group members assumed to share attitudes and values

Question 17

What did Festtingher say about social comparisons?

Answer 17

We look to others to determine how we feel about ourselves e.g. exam performance

Question 18

List the psychological motives for prejudice

Answer 18

Social categorisation/social identity theory
Realistic group conflict
Relative deprivation
Social dominance theory

Question 19

Define realistic group conflict

Answer 19

When two groups compete for same resources it leads to inter-group hostility

Question 20

Define relative deprivation in relation to prejudice

Answer 20

Prejudice may stem from our idea we are deprived compared to others

Question 21

What was the finding of a survery in England about rape (Wagstaff, 1982)?

Answer 21

33% of population believed victims almost always to blame

Question 22

What did Mccaul et al. (1990) find in relation to blaming victims of rape?

Answer 22

Victim rated with low respectability thought to more likely experience pleasure during attack
More attractive person blamed more

Question 23

What does Volkerpsychologic mean?

Answer 23

Psychology of the folk (people)
Collective form of existence

Question 24

What are the key features of things studied by cultural psychologists?

Answer 24

Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values

Question 25

Outline the two approaches to the study of culture

Answer 25

Etic - > variables that exist across cultures
Emic - > variables limited to single culture

Question 26

What does Farr (1996) claim psychological theory is dominated by?

Answer 26

White, middle class, North Americans

Question 27

What did the study of facial expressions find?

Answer 27

Predicting emotions from facial expressions is a universal ability

Question 28

What was the sixth dimension of personality found by Yang and Bond in a Chinese sample?

Answer 28

Optimism

Question 29

What were the five universal dimensions found across all countries Leung and Bond?

Answer 29

Cynicism
Social complexity
Reward for application
Spirituality
Fate

Question 30

Describe Jindaola

Answer 30

Story and learning that can be seen in the land
In Yuin country (where UOW is situated) the goanna walks the country sharing the proper

Question 31

What is the purpose of values?

Answer 31

To orient people’s specific attitudes and behaviour in an integrated and meaningful manner

Question 32

Where does Australia sit on the these four dimensions?

Answer 32

High (index of 90) for individuality
Relatively low (36) power distance compared to world average (55)