Week Eleven Social Self and Technology and the Psychology of Health Flashcards
When was the internet born (e.g. who was one of first to propose thinking centre)
Licklider (1960) proposed database of centres connecting individuals to each other
Explain what is meant by community memory
First public computerised bulletin board set up in 1973 designed so people could sell things and get work
What was ‘the WELL’ and when did it claim its first virtual community?
Hub for people to talk about things that claimed the first virtual community is 1985
In what year was the amount of traffic going through FB even greater than what was going through google?
2010 -
Facebook user stats from 2020 and 2012
2.60 billion users worldwide
1.73 billion users daily
3, 500, 000, 000 pieces info shared each week
Define self-projection (Pempek et al. (2009) and its benefits in a social-media focussed world
Ability to orient the self in different places in time and space, greater control over image one projects of themselves
What were the two modes of online interaction differentiated by Underwood et al. (2011)?
- Communicators
- Broadcasters
- low quality interactions
- high impression management
What were multiple functions for social networking sites than Joinson (2008) proposed?
Social connection
Shared identities (same interests)
Photographs
Content
Social network surfing
Status updates
Social investigation
What personality type is most likely to use social networking sites?
Narcissists
What did Capmbell & Foster (2007) say about narcissists?
Unrealistic sense of self
Seek relationships to enhance status and positive image
What did Ibrahim (2009) say about social networking sites and their use for self-promotion?
Used to extend networks
High levels of Facebook use are correlated with…
Extraversion (Correa, Willard-Hinsley & Gil de Zuniga, 2009)
Openness to experience (Ross et al., 2009)
What did Ross et al. (2009) say specifically about neuroticism and online usage?
They use SNS more frequently because they can control info
Facebook privacy
48% people had not altered their default privacy settings for greater security (Lampe, et al., 2008)
Many did not know their FB privacy settings or if they had changed them (Acquisti & Gross, 2006)
What were the characteristics associated with narcissistic personality and online security?
Greater online activity
Lax privacy settings
More FB friends
Greater self-generated content e.g. profile pictures
Contrast how introverts vs extroverts use SNS as social extension
Extroverts use it as a form of social extension
Introverts compensate for poorer social skills
Which of the Big Five personality traits were correlated with no. FB friends someone had?
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Narcissism
Which of the Big Five traits were most associated with more secure FB settings?
Which of the Big Five traits were most associated with more secure FB settings?
High neuroticism
Are models or stats more effective at describing social topics?
Models
How do models describe how people high in extroversion use FB?
More likely to use social media = motive to use it makes them more likely to disclose more info = lack of privacy settings
Describe the statistics surrounding the incidence of internet addiction
6 to 25% of population meet criteria for internet addiction (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010)
Although internet withdrawal was not related to less interpersonal contact, what was it related to?
Less time spent reading newspapers and watching TV (Bargh & McKenna, 2004)
How can the internet act as a safety barrier for people with social anxiety?
Allows them to craft answers
Define the ‘true self’
Person you believe you really are
Why did Bargh et al. (2002) find participants are better at describing their real self online?
Anonymity may lead to greater willingness to disclose private topics
What did Amichai-Hamburger et al. find in relation to the true self?
Those with high social anxiety and introversion located it online
Following from Amichai-Hamburger’s finding about the true self, what did McKenna et al. find?
Anxiety decreased in individuals two years after they located their true self online
Outline the two competing views of internet usage.
Global usage - offline behaviour predicts online behaviour
Deficiency - online interactions compensate for unsatisfactory offline interactions
What did Hazan & Shaver find in relation to adult attachment style?
Correlation between adult attachment styles and their retrospective attachment to their parents
What research has been found in relation to avoidant attachment and social network sites?
Avoidantly attached have…
- More online communication than secure attachment (Ye, 2007)
- Heavier use than secure or anxiously attachment (Zoppos, 2009)
- additionally no difference found between anxiously and securely attached
What did the UOW study find about correlations between attachment styles and internet use?
Anxiously attached people tended to observe rather than interact (links w/stalking)
Negative correlation between avoidant and FB stalking (as one variable increases, other decreases)
List two physiological definitions of stress
When organism is mobilised for action (Canon, 1929)
Activation of number of physiological systems (Seyle, 1956)
How is stress defined from a cognitive perspective?
Perceived demands outweigh perceived resources
What were the findings of Visintainer and Seligman (1985)? What were the wider findings?
Rats given inescapable shocks vs escapable ones twice as likely to develop cancer as adults
Stress lowers immune resistance
What did Courtney et al., 1993 find in relation to workplace stress
Workers with history of workplace stress 5.5 times more likely to suffer from colon cancer even when other factors such as smoking taken into consideration
What does the general adaptation syndrome seek to explain?
Might be generalised response to attack (illness) on an organism
Describe the three stages of general adaptation syndrome
- Alarm stage —> threat recognition, physiological arousal
- Resistance stage –> body remains aroused, continued release of stress hormones
- Exhaustion stage –> long-term stress responses damaging to body, P nervous S seeks to reduce stress responses
What were the findings of Kobasa et al. in relation to resilience?
The 200+ executives under stress differed in their attitudes towards themselves (labelled this as hardiness)
Characteristics of hardiness
Commitment
Seeing things as challenge rather than threat
Contro over working environment, power over future outcomes
What did Langer & Rodin find in relation to nursing home residents?
Those given more control shown to be happier
What did Scheier & Carver find that optimists blamed failures on?
External factors
Things that were temporary
Specific rather than generalised
What findings have been made in relation to optimism and health?
Pessimistic explanations for base ballers’ career losses more likely to die earlier (Peterson & Seligman, 1987)
Optimistic people recovered faster from coronary bypass surgery (Scheier & Carver, 1992)
What were the findings of a Scottish longitudinal study about IQ and health?
15 point increase in IQ related to 20% increase in longevity
According to Lazarus’ cogntive appraisal model, what are primary appraisals?
Whether events are neutral, positive, or negative
According to Lazarus’ cogntive appraisal model, what are secondary appraisals?
Assessment about whether there are sufficient resources to deal w/task at hand
What is problem focussed coping mainly concerned with?
Directly addressing situation, belief that task can be achieved
What is emotion focussed coping mainly concerned with?
Cannot alter situations, out of our control
What were the key findings of Tice and Baumeister (1997)
High level procrastinators virtually stress free earlier in uni session
BUT greater stress and illness later in session
What were the findings of the hostage study (Auerbach et al., 1994)?
Emotion based coping most effective as captives had little control over events
What was the incidence of schizophrenia compared to Nottingham and Bristol?
DOUBLE
