WEEK ONE - MAJOR ANATOMICAL TERMS + CELLULAR CHEMISTRY Flashcards
List levels of human structure from simplest–> complex
cells –> molecules –> tissue –> organ –> organ system levels –> organism level
Name an example of anatomical variation
Horseshoe shaped kidneys
Situs invertus - reversal of abdominal and thoracic organs between RHS and LHS
Define homeostasis and provide three control mechanisms
- dynamic equilibrium around a set point to maintain relatively stable internal condition in a changing external environment.
- receptor [eg thermoreceptor, baroreceptot, nociceptor]
- control centre [eg brain/spinal cord]
- effector [eg skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, glands etc]
Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis and provide an example
- original stimulus is shut off or reduced in intensity
- output occurs in opposite direction to original disturbance
eg - human thermoregulation
1. thermoreceptors in skin/blood vessels detect change in body temperature
2. send afferent signals to hypothalamus which compares current body temp to standard equilibrium body temp
3. sends efferent signals to effectors
4. skeletal muscles - shivering//sweat glands - sweating
Explain positive feedback and provide an example
- original stimulus is enhanced or exaggerated
- change occurs in SAME direction as initial disturbance
eg human blood clotting
1. Break/ tear in blood vessel wall
2. Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals = clotting
3. Released chemicals attract MORE platelets
4. Clotting continues - clots grow
5. Feedback ends after clots seal break
Describe anatomical position
standing straight, feet flat and close together, palms supinated
Describe THREE anatomical planes
- Sagittal plane - chest to back
mid-sagittal divides body into equal RHS and LHS - Coronal/Frontal - shoulder to shoulder
divides anterior/posterior portions - Transverse - horizontal
divides into superior and inferior portions
Anatomical directional terminology - ventral
Define and provide an example of use
anterior
toward front/belly
the aorta is ventral to vertebral column
Anatomical directional terminology - dorsal
Define and provide an example of use
posterior
towards back/spine
the vertebral column is dorsal to aorta
Anatomical directional terminology - caudal
Define and provide an example of use
toward tail/inferior end
the spinal cord is caudal to brain
Anatomical directional terminology - rostral
Define and provide an example of use
towards forehead or nose
the forebrain is rostral to the brainstem
Anatomical directional terminology - ipsilateral
Define and provide an example of use
same side of body
the liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
Anatomical directional terminology - contralateral
Define and provide an example of use
opposite sides of the body
the spleen is contralateral to liver
Anatomical directional terminology - proximal
Define and provide an example of use
closer to point of attachment/origin
the elbow is proximal to wrist
Anatomical directional terminology - distal
Define and provide an example of use
further from point of attachment/origin
fingernails are at distal ends of fingers
List the FIVE major body cavities and their organs
CVTAP acronym
Cranial cavity
- brain
Vertebral cavity
- spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
- lungs, heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
digestive organs [eg liver, kidneys, spleen, instestines, pancreas, stomach]
- pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
Distinguish between the membranes in the thoracic cavity
- heart is lined with pericardium
inside layer - visceral pericardium
between - pericardial cavity
outside layer - parietal pericardium - lungs lined with pleura
inside layer- visceral pleura
between - pleural cavity
outside layer - parietal pleura
Identify the membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
inside layer = visceral peritoneum
outside layer - parietal peritoneum
Identify the function of the membranes in the thoracic cavity
the pleura and pericardium lubricate the lungs and heart, reducing friction whilst the heart beats/lungs expand
Identify the membrane the cranial and vertebral cavity
Meninges [THREE layers of membrane ]
DAP acronym
Dura mater - outside layer
Arachnoid mater - middle layer
Pia mater - inner layer
List four categories of organic compounds
CLPN acronym
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleotides + nucleic acids
Describe the structure of the main types of
- monosaccahrides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
monosaccharides
- simple sugars
eg glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides
- sugar molecule with TWO monosaccharides
eg sucrosem lactose, maltose
polysaccharides
- long chains of polymers of GLUCOSE
eg glycogen, starch, cellulose
List and describe FIVE functions of carbohydrates [OESDC]
OESDC acronym
- Oxidation to make ATP
glucose can be broken down = 36-38 ATP molecules - cellular Energy
glucose = blood sugar - energy source for cells - energy Storage
glycogen = storage form for carbohydrates - source of Dietary fibre
cellulose = fibre for stool formation - form Conjugate molecules
carbohydrates + proteins and lipids = proteoglycans
helps form cartilage, glycolipids and glycoproteins
==== helps form external surface of cell membranes
5.List, define & state the function of the FIVE different types of lipids [FTPES]
FTPES acronym
- fatty acids
4-24 c arbon atom chain
energy source + precursor for triglycerides - triglycerides
THREE fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
energy storage, insulation + shock absorption
3.phospolipids
triglycerides BUT one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group
= TWO fatty acid, ONE phosphate group
major component of cell membrane
- eicosanoids
derived from fatty acid
role in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labour contractions - steroid
lipid with carbon atoms in four rings
ALL steroids = derived from cholesterol
important component of cell membrane
Distinguish between amino acids
amino acid = carbon w/ THREE attachments
- amino
- carboxyl
- R group
Distinguish between different peptides [5] DTOPP
Peptides named in accordance to # of amino acids
dipeptides - TWO amino acids
tripeptides - THREE amino acids
ogliopeptides - fewer than 10-15
polypeptides - > 15
proteisn - > 100
List and describe the FOUR levels of structural organisation in proteins
- primary
amino acid sequence
three atom repeating unit (amino nitrogen, carbonyl carbon, alpha carbon). - secondary
hydrogen bonds with negative C-O and positive N-H groups
certain sequences of AA fold up in space - tertiary
three-dimensional form of a single polypeptide chain - quartenary
interactions of two or more polypeptide chains = forms aggregate.
List and describe FIVE functions of proteins [SCTMC]
SCTMC acronym
- structure
collagen = most abundant/durable protein in body
keratin = tough structural protein in hair, skin, nails - communication
some = hormone and cell receptor - membrane transport
some = channels in cell membranes - movement
ability to change shape + form molecules inside cells - cell adhesion
proteins bind together = keep cells/tissues falling apart
Define enzymes and breakdown of sucrose
proteins functioning as biological catalysts - help speed up chemical reactions
- substrate approaches active site on enzyme molecule
- substrate binds to active site = enzyme-substrate complex
- enzyme breaks covalent bonds between monomers
Define [NMP] and give examples of nucleotides and nucleic acids
THREE components [NMP acronym]
1. nitrogenous base
2. monosaccharide
3. one or more phospahte groups
nucleotide eg. adenosine triphosphate [ATP] - most common
- important energy transfer molecule
nucleic acid eg deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA}
- LARGEST nucleic acid
contains genetic code
nucleic acid eg ribonucleic acid [RNA]
- protein synthesis
- smaller nucleotide
