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da body > WEEK ONE - MAJOR ANATOMICAL TERMS + CELLULAR CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

WEEK ONE - MAJOR ANATOMICAL TERMS + CELLULAR CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

List levels of human structure from simplest–> complex

A

cells –> molecules –> tissue –> organ –> organ system levels –> organism level

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2
Q

Name an example of anatomical variation

A

Horseshoe shaped kidneys
Situs invertus - reversal of abdominal and thoracic organs between RHS and LHS

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3
Q

Define homeostasis and provide three control mechanisms

A
  • dynamic equilibrium around a set point to maintain relatively stable internal condition in a changing external environment.
  1. receptor [eg thermoreceptor, baroreceptot, nociceptor]
  2. control centre [eg brain/spinal cord]
  3. effector [eg skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, glands etc]
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4
Q

Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis and provide an example

A
  • original stimulus is shut off or reduced in intensity
  • output occurs in opposite direction to original disturbance

eg - human thermoregulation
1. thermoreceptors in skin/blood vessels detect change in body temperature
2. send afferent signals to hypothalamus which compares current body temp to standard equilibrium body temp
3. sends efferent signals to effectors
4. skeletal muscles - shivering//sweat glands - sweating

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5
Q

Explain positive feedback and provide an example

A
  • original stimulus is enhanced or exaggerated
  • change occurs in SAME direction as initial disturbance

eg human blood clotting
1. Break/ tear in blood vessel wall
2. Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals = clotting
3. Released chemicals attract MORE platelets
4. Clotting continues - clots grow
5. Feedback ends after clots seal break

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6
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

standing straight, feet flat and close together, palms supinated

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7
Q

Describe THREE anatomical planes

A
  1. Sagittal plane - chest to back
    mid-sagittal divides body into equal RHS and LHS
  2. Coronal/Frontal - shoulder to shoulder
    divides anterior/posterior portions
  3. Transverse - horizontal
    divides into superior and inferior portions
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8
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - ventral
Define and provide an example of use

A

anterior
toward front/belly
the aorta is ventral to vertebral column

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9
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - dorsal
Define and provide an example of use

A

posterior
towards back/spine
the vertebral column is dorsal to aorta

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10
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - caudal
Define and provide an example of use

A

toward tail/inferior end
the spinal cord is caudal to brain

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11
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - rostral
Define and provide an example of use

A

towards forehead or nose
the forebrain is rostral to the brainstem

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12
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - ipsilateral
Define and provide an example of use

A

same side of body
the liver is ipsilateral to the appendix

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13
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - contralateral
Define and provide an example of use

A

opposite sides of the body
the spleen is contralateral to liver

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14
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - proximal
Define and provide an example of use

A

closer to point of attachment/origin
the elbow is proximal to wrist

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15
Q

Anatomical directional terminology - distal
Define and provide an example of use

A

further from point of attachment/origin
fingernails are at distal ends of fingers

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16
Q

List the FIVE major body cavities and their organs

A

CVTAP acronym

Cranial cavity
- brain

Vertebral cavity
- spinal cord

Thoracic cavity
- lungs, heart

Abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
digestive organs [eg liver, kidneys, spleen, instestines, pancreas, stomach]

  • pelvic cavity
    bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
17
Q

Distinguish between the membranes in the thoracic cavity

A
  • heart is lined with pericardium
    inside layer - visceral pericardium
    between - pericardial cavity
    outside layer - parietal pericardium
  • lungs lined with pleura
    inside layer- visceral pleura
    between - pleural cavity
    outside layer - parietal pleura
18
Q

Identify the membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Peritoneum
inside layer = visceral peritoneum
outside layer - parietal peritoneum

19
Q

Identify the function of the membranes in the thoracic cavity

A

the pleura and pericardium lubricate the lungs and heart, reducing friction whilst the heart beats/lungs expand

20
Q

Identify the membrane the cranial and vertebral cavity

A

Meninges [THREE layers of membrane ]

DAP acronym

Dura mater - outside layer
Arachnoid mater - middle layer
Pia mater - inner layer

21
Q

List four categories of organic compounds

A

CLPN acronym

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleotides + nucleic acids
22
Q

Describe the structure of the main types of
- monosaccahrides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides
- simple sugars
eg glucose, galactose, fructose

disaccharides
- sugar molecule with TWO monosaccharides
eg sucrosem lactose, maltose

polysaccharides
- long chains of polymers of GLUCOSE
eg glycogen, starch, cellulose

23
Q

List and describe FIVE functions of carbohydrates [OESDC]

A

OESDC acronym

  1. Oxidation to make ATP
    glucose can be broken down = 36-38 ATP molecules
  2. cellular Energy
    glucose = blood sugar - energy source for cells
  3. energy Storage
    glycogen = storage form for carbohydrates
  4. source of Dietary fibre
    cellulose = fibre for stool formation
  5. form Conjugate molecules
    carbohydrates + proteins and lipids = proteoglycans
    helps form cartilage, glycolipids and glycoproteins
    ==== helps form external surface of cell membranes
24
Q

5.List, define & state the function of the FIVE different types of lipids [FTPES]

A

FTPES acronym

  1. fatty acids
    4-24 c arbon atom chain
    energy source + precursor for triglycerides
  2. triglycerides
    THREE fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
    energy storage, insulation + shock absorption

3.phospolipids
triglycerides BUT one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group
= TWO fatty acid, ONE phosphate group
major component of cell membrane

  1. eicosanoids
    derived from fatty acid
    role in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labour contractions
  2. steroid
    lipid with carbon atoms in four rings
    ALL steroids = derived from cholesterol
    important component of cell membrane
25
Q

Distinguish between amino acids

A

amino acid = carbon w/ THREE attachments

  1. amino
  2. carboxyl
  3. R group
26
Q

Distinguish between different peptides [5] DTOPP

A

Peptides named in accordance to # of amino acids

dipeptides - TWO amino acids
tripeptides - THREE amino acids
ogliopeptides - fewer than 10-15
polypeptides - > 15
proteisn - > 100

27
Q

List and describe the FOUR levels of structural organisation in proteins

A
  1. primary
    amino acid sequence
    three atom repeating unit (amino nitrogen, carbonyl carbon, alpha carbon).
  2. secondary
    hydrogen bonds with negative C-O and positive N-H groups
    certain sequences of AA fold up in space
  3. tertiary
    three-dimensional form of a single polypeptide chain
  4. quartenary
    interactions of two or more polypeptide chains = forms aggregate.
28
Q

List and describe FIVE functions of proteins [SCTMC]

A

SCTMC acronym

  1. structure
    collagen = most abundant/durable protein in body
    keratin = tough structural protein in hair, skin, nails
  2. communication
    some = hormone and cell receptor
  3. membrane transport
    some = channels in cell membranes
  4. movement
    ability to change shape + form molecules inside cells
  5. cell adhesion
    proteins bind together = keep cells/tissues falling apart
29
Q

Define enzymes and breakdown of sucrose

A

proteins functioning as biological catalysts - help speed up chemical reactions

  1. substrate approaches active site on enzyme molecule
  2. substrate binds to active site = enzyme-substrate complex
  3. enzyme breaks covalent bonds between monomers
30
Q

Define [NMP] and give examples of nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

THREE components [NMP acronym]
1. nitrogenous base
2. monosaccharide
3. one or more phospahte groups

nucleotide eg. adenosine triphosphate [ATP] - most common
- important energy transfer molecule

nucleic acid eg deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA}
- LARGEST nucleic acid
contains genetic code

nucleic acid eg ribonucleic acid [RNA]
- protein synthesis
- smaller nucleotide

da body (11 decks)

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