Week one - introduction

Question 1

What did the international Paneuropean Union do in 1924

Answer 1

attempted to stop soviet communism and counterweight USA’s growing economic power

Question 2

why did the first attempt to stop soviet communism and usa’s power fail

Answer 2

• ww2 (lost workforce, infrastructure)
• fall in standard of living
• disruption of trade flows
• fall in economic growth
• Europe split into 2 blocs

Question 3

what did the UN relief and rehabilitation administration do

Answer 3

• spent nearly $4 billion on emergency food and medical aid
• helped about 7 million displaced people return home
  provided camps for about a million refugees

Question 4

who were the key players in europes architecture early post-war

Answer 4

usa, uk, ussr

Question 5

what was a driver of European economic integration

Answer 5

the Cold War (came about when the allies vs axis confrontation was replaced by an east-west confrontation)

• US and UK merged occupation zones in Germany in 1947, France added its zone in 1948
• West germany/federal republic of germany was born
• this was to restore german power to stand up to the soviet plans to spread communism to the west

Question 6

what is the Morgenthau plan

Answer 6

• in 1944, a plan was proposed to avoid future European war by turning Germany into a backward country whose economy is based on agriculture
• this was debated but did not get implemented

Question 7

what was implemented in order to halt the urss

Answer 7

• accumulate productive capital to regain growth
• convertability and multilateralism
• create a bloc of countries

Question 8

what is the marshall plan

Answer 8

• in 1948, this US program provided aid to western Europe following ww2

Question 9

what is the OEEC

Answer 9

1948, Organisation for European economic cooperation - responsible for managing the financial aid and advancing the economic integration, ultimately led to convertability in 1958

Question 10

what was the OEEC reestablished as in the 1950s

Answer 10

OECD (organisation for economic cooperation and development)

Question 11

Marshall plan statistics and goals

Answer 11

• transferred over $17 billion in economic recovery programs (operating for 4 years)

Goals:

• rebuild war-torn regions
• remove trade barriers
• modernise industry
• prevent spread of communism

Question 12

what are the two strands of integration

Answer 12

federalism, intergovernmentalism

Question 13

what are federalists (centralizers)

Answer 13

those who favour handing power to the new union of countries - supernatural government

Question 14

what are intergovernmentalists (decentralizers)

Answer 14

those who favour closer cooperation, power remains in the hands of national officials and cooperation has to be agreed unanimously by all participants

Question 15

what is the EDC?

Answer 15

European defence community - PLAN: create a European army, this required common foreign policy, substantial budget, therefore needing taxation and spending authority

In the end France rejected this policy

Question 16

what is the EPC?

Answer 16

European political community - ambitious federalist institution, PLAN: similar to United States of Europe, once the EDC failed, so did the EPC

Question 17

what did the failure of the EDC and EPC lead to

Answer 17

economic integration

Question 18

when was the signing of the Treaty of Paris and what did it entail?

Answer 18

1951, created the European Coal and Steel community (ECSC)

Question 19

what is the ECSC and who was involved

Answer 19

France, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Italy

It created a common market between member countries for steel and coal, i.e. shared market prices, free movement of goods, no custom duties or tariffs, no restrictive practices

Question 19

what is the ECSC and who was involved

Answer 19

France, Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Italy

It created a common market between member countries for steel and coal, i.e. shared market prices, free movement of goods, no custom duties or tariffs, no restrictive practices

Question 20

reasons for the ECSC

Answer 20

• a way to prevent war between France and Germany
• avoid market segmentation (by opening up the market)
• improve efficiency and maximising productivity
• unify markets

Question 21

consequences of the ECSC

Answer 21

• readjusting the market, production and labour adjustments
• supranationalism
• leading to general integration

Question 22

which institutions oversaw the ECSC

Answer 22

• High authorities (independent appointees)
• Common assembly (national parliamentarians)
• Special council (national ministers)
• Court of Justice

i.e. the blueprint for today’s European Commission, European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Court of Justice

Question 23

when were the treaties of Rome signed and what did they entail?

Answer 23

1957

• one created the European atomic energy community, i.e. euratom (sectoral integration)
• another created he European economic community (EEC) (general integration)
• free trade of goods and services
• undistorted competition (anticompetitive behaviour, taxes, state aid prohibited etc.)
• labour and capital market integration (free movement of capital and labour)
• exchange rate coordination
• common policy in agriculture

Question 24

what is the EFTA and when was it formed

Answer 24

European free trade agreement, 1960 (free trade organisation), most efta countries are part of the EU today

Question 25

difference between EU and EEC

Answer 25

the EU is not a state or a federation or a simple organisation for cooperation, its members pool their sovereignty

Question 26

what is the Maastricht treaty and when was it signed

Answer 26

1992, it is the treaty on the European Union

Question 27

what are the three pillars of the Maastricht treaty

Answer 27

1) integration method, ECSC + EEC + Euratom
2,3) policies with an intergovernmental basis, common foreign and security policy (CFSP), Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters

Question 28

what was the problem before the Maastricht treaty

Answer 28

the European court had the ultimate authority, majority voting on EU laws leading to supranationality, this lead to two problems:

1) division between federalists and intergovernmentalists, the former want more integration, the latter don’t
2) integration that was taking place outside of the EU

Question 29

how did the Maastricht ease tensions between federalists and intrergovernmentalists

Answer 29

it put member states in control of the second and third pillars

Question 30

what is the Lisbon treaty and when was it signed

Answer 30

2009, this merged the third pillar with the first, changed from the European community to the European Union

Question 31

what is a customs union

Answer 31

• common commercial policy
• removing customs duties and quantitive restrictions

Question 32

what is the empty chair crisis

Answer 32

tensions began to show with France seeking to limit qualified-majority voting

Question 33

how was the empty chair crisis resolved

Answer 33

Luxemburg compromise: unanimous voting in important questions

Question 34

what is the SEA and when was it signed

Answer 34

1986, single European act, the first major revision of the treaty of Rome