Week ONE: Archaic Italy and the Origins of Rome Flashcards

Question

Defense Mechanisms of Early Rome

Answer 1

* Dig up a deep ditch, then use the excavates land to build a high mound inside it for their city to be on.

Answer 2

* Water was plentiful * Easy Defense * Access to 2 most important routes in central italy * Small stream ran through the valley that separated the three hills important to Rome; the Capitol, the Palatine, the Vella

Answer 3

1. The Capitol 2. The Palatine 3. The Vella

Answer 4

* separated the civic and religious centres of the city * the marsh/valley that separated these hills was drained to become the Forum Romanum

Answer 5

* Political and religious center of Rome. * Located in the drained valley between the Capitol, Palatine, and Velia hills. * Key site for public gatherings, government activities, and temples.

Answer 6

* Chief market and harbor in early Rome. * Located near the river, it served as a commercial hub.

Answer 7

* Public space for voting, legal cases, and decision-making. * Located in a small plains section of the Forum Romanum -- it was central to Rome’s civic life.

Answer 8

* Meeting place where the council of elders ("senate") served

Answer 9

* Twin brothers, sons of the god Mars and Rhea Silvia. * Abandoned in the Tiber River, raised by a she-wolf on Palatine Hill. * Overthrew Amulius, restored Numitor to throne * Romulus killed Remus after a dispute over where the city should be located. **Romulus became the first king of Rome.**

Answer 10

* Located to the east of Italy. * Key for trade and military routes between Rome and other regions, including Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean. * Natural barrier isolating Rome from the East. * Famous for terrible storms blowing eastward -- so most merchants didnt want to embark from Greeces' direction to italy

Answer 11

* Ran down middle of Italy's peninsula * Volcanic; spewed many valuable materials, minerals, and resources good for soil *rich soil = more food = feed and support a large # of people = growth of italy* | **volcanic mountains allowed italy to be great farmers!

Answer 12

* A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range. * Occurs because mountains block moist air, causing precipitation on the windward side and leaving the leeward side dry. | Leeward = The side of a mountain that is sheltered from the wind.

Answer 13

All of the rainfall was on the WESTERN side of Italy Western = best land, = best crops East = less crops, not productive

Answer 14

* Ancient civilization in central Italy, north of Rome. * Influenced early Roman culture, including religion, architecture, and government. * 12 Etruscan Cities; formed a "league" that dominated this section * Romans saw them as well-established, powerful, and dominant, but the rest of the world viewed the Etruscans as under-developed, and unskillfull

Answer 15

Romans looked up to Etruscans Etruscans looked up to Greeks Greeks looked to Egyptians

Answer 16

* Believed they could tell the will of the Gods and the future by inspecting Livers; **hepatoscopy** * treated women GREATLY; prominent roles. * underground tombs * husband and wife "on same level".

Answer 17

Salt Flats * When the water dries up you are left with SALT FLATS * SALT later became a great material used for things Back then, salt was incredibly valuable *The word “salary” comes from in early times when they would use salt as a currency to pay for things.

Answer 18

- Romulus' Hut - Sarcophogus of 2 Etruscan Lovers - Hepatoscopy instrument - Etruscan Waterspout gifted from Greeks - Capitoline Wolf

Answer 19

7 Hills; 3 important * Palatine: Where Rome was founded, home to early Roman rulers. * Capitoline: Religious center, site of major temples. * Aventine: Focused on plebeians, later became a political hub. *Caelian, Esquiline, Viminal, Quirinal: Other hills where early Romans settled and built important structures.

Answer 20

* A sanctuary established on the Aventine Hill. * Opened by Romulus to attract people from surrounding areas, offering safety and asylum to criminals and outcasts, helping to grow early Rome's population. "anyone who wants to be a citizen of Rome can be"

Answer 21

* The romans decided to hold a festival where they invited the Sabines and kidnapped the Sabine Women to bring them to their city * According to the myth, the fathers and brothers of the Sabines were ready to fight them and protect their daughters and sisters, but the daughters stepped forward and says noooo we are in love with them dont kill them lets unite pls.

Answer 22

* Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, tried to assault Lucretia. * Threatened her with death and dishonor if she resisted, making it look like an affair. * After the assault, Lucretia summoned her family, confessed, and took her own life to avoid the shame. * Junius Brutus, her relative, swore revenge, declaring that there would never be another king in Rome again. This event led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the founding of the Roman Republic.

Answer 23

1. Magistrates 2. Assembly 3. The Senate

Answer 24

* Elected officials in ancient Rome who held various duties, such as overseeing laws, finances, and military affairs. * Key magistrates included consuls, praetors, and quaestors. * Held power for limited terms, often one year, to prevent abuse of authority.

Answer 25

* Citizens who voted on laws, elected magistrates, and made decisions on war and peace. * Had to be male to vote

Answer 26

* mostly comprised of retired gov't officials, patricians * Typically, one had to be a former magistrate, such as a consul or praetor. * Advised the new magistrates and gave advice * Were not elected, held office/their role for life, but could be expelled for misconduct * Had significant influence over Rome's government, even though it lacked formal legislative power.

Answer 27

* Latium was the region in central Italy where Rome was founded. * It included fertile land and was home to several early settlements, including Rome. * The honking geese were part of a famous event during Rome's defense: in 390 BCE, when the Gauls attacked Rome, the geese on the Capitoline Hill alerted the Romans to the invasion, saving the city.

Answer 28

* The wealthy, aristocratic class in Rome. * Held most political power in the early Republic. * Owned land and had exclusive rights to certain government positions. | the "Fathers"

Answer 29

* The common people of Rome, including farmers, artisans, and laborers. * Had fewer political rights but gradually gained more power through reforms like the Tribune of the Plebs. * Represented the majority of the Roman population. | the "people"

Answer 30

* plebian protests * helped expand rights, and the treatment of the plebians

Answer 31

* Most public offices in Rome were annual (held for one year). * Offices were collegial, meaning each official had a co-worker or partner to share responsibilities. * This system prevented too much power from being concentrated in one individual and encouraged cooperation.

Answer 32

1. Consuls 2. Praetor 3. Aedile 4. Quaestor 5. Tribune 6. Censor 7. Dictator First four carry out the laws: consul, praetor, aedile, quaestor + formed the "Cursis Honorum"

Answer 33

* highest rank * 2 consuls elected annually * Limited to a one-year term to prevent abuse of power * Held executive power, commanded the military * Only the consuls had the right to command others, and carried out the laws.

Answer 34

* admins legal disputes, and justice * Given back up imperium * If absence of consuls occured, praetors were given rights to control until consuls returned. | Imperium = "right to command"

Answer 35

* city maintence * Managed the city's infrastructure, including roads and markets, * oversaw festivals, public games, and events as well.

Answer 36

* responsible for financial matters and managing public funds. * Often served in the military, overseeing the treasury and supplies.

Answer 37

* The sequential order of public offices in ancient Rome. * Started with lower positions like quaestor, then moved up to aedile, praetor, and finally consul. * Required candidates to hold offices in a specific order, often at certain ages, to ensure experience | ex. in order to be elected consul, you must be elected as praetor first.

Answer 38

* An official elected to protect the rights of plebeians. * Had the power to veto decisions by magistrates and Senate. * Could convene the assembly and propose laws. * Served for one year and were sacrosanct (protected from harm).

Answer 39

* overseeing public morals, and kept track of who was alive/dead in the city. * Managed tax assessments and controlled membership in the Senate. * investigated life-styles of the upperclass * Two censors were elected every five years for an 18-month term. * Both censors had to agree to kick someone | determined if others were behaving appropriately

Answer 40

* ONLY ONE * Appointed by consuls when they believed they had a problem so strong, they couldnt take care of themselves * Dictator held ultimate control until the problem was completely solved (ex. flood, fires) * If a dictator could not solve the problem in 6 months, he MUST step down * could go beyond laws and be obeyed without question until the crisis was over

Answer 41

1. Conquest & Expansion: Constantly acquired new territories and resources. 2. Military Culture: Highly disciplined, organized, and innovative army. 3. Republican Period: Leaders gained command experience and military victories to advance in the Cursus Honorum (career path).

Answer 42

* A celebratory parade for a victorious Roman general. * Granted by the Senate for major military victories. * March alongside your army with a chariot -- big deal.

Answer 43

* A wealthy Roman politician and general. Part of the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey. * Known for defeating Spartacus' slave revolt with the help from Pompey. * Died in 53 BCE during a failed campaign against Parthia. * One day Crassus took his 30,000 men and marched them to kill the Parthians -- However all these men were wiped out

Answer 44

1. Legions 2. Auxilieries 3. Praetorians

Answer 45

* Heavy infantry made up of Roman citizens. * Soldiers paid for their own equipment, gaining status and honor. * Wealthy citizens had better survival chances due to superior armor.

Answer 46

* Non-Roman citizens from allied forces. * Provided specialized troops like archers or cavalry. * These soldiers were from allied forces * werent given credit for all that they did, if they helped rome win a battle the credit went to the legions and the emperor. * Their status was lower than that of a Legionnaire * After auxiliaries served with the romans for a certain period of time they were granted full citizenship which could be transferred to their kids, and relatives. -- way for non-romans to become citizens

Answer 47

* Praetorian Guard, an elite unit. * Served as bodyguards for emperors and had political influence. * 8000 men, praetorians were IN rome while auxilieries and legionaires were OUTSIDE * acted as a police force * disbanded by Emperor Constantine

Answer 48

* 3x normal pay * Better retirement package * 16 years service * Frequent cash gifts

Answer 49

* Only male “landed” roman citizens * No criminal record * Had to take physical * 4 months training

Answer 50

* Pay for the year was close to min wage * Loot was divided among the soldiers * Increasingly soldiers who served bravely and well could be voted “retirement benefits”: money, land, or both

Answer 51

Held consulship 7 times, a record in Roman history. Reformed the army by: 1. Allowing landless citizens to enlist. 2. Providing equipment for soldiers (state-funded). 3. Creating a professional army, loyal to generals rather than the Senate.

Answer 52

* copied the flank tactics by the Greeks

Answer 53

* Started fighting neighbours to the south; called the Sammites * Lived in the foothill of the mountains * The Phalanx flank tactics didnt work on mountains so the Romans had to switch their warfare strategy. -- shows their adaptability

Answer 54

Discipline: Strict rules and punishments, like decimation for major issues. Training: Regular and intense, ensuring highly skilled soldiers. Consistency: Well-organized and reliable forces. Technique: Advanced battle tactics and use of Roman roads for quick movement. Bravado: Boosted morale with battle monuments and a proud military culture.

Answer 55

* A severe military punishment in the Roman army. * One in ten soldiers in a unit was executed by their peers to discipline the rest after a major failure or revolt.

Week ONE: Archaic Italy and the Origins of Rome Flashcards

roman periods, growth of empire, landscape, early influences, **government