MIXED WEEK: The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire

Question 1

goodbye to “plebian/patrician” following the “struggle of the orders”

The Nobility

Answer 1

“well-known”/”famous”
* replaced the pat/pleb distinction
* Referred to a politician/family who had a consul relative
* cliquey – didnt want other people to become noble

Question 2

Best Way to become nobility

Answer 2

become a military leader
* this was seen as the highest honour given to a roman > having a triumph and enter rome in a parade under an arch

• but you could also become noble through doctor, lawyer, or being a patron

Question 3

Auctoritas

Answer 3

“author”
* you get things done / are an AUTHOR of your own successes.

Debby Ryan - “I’m gonna make history”

Question 4

Carthage

Answer 4

Main enemy of Rome

“phoenician” peoples = known for being traders

phoenician colony, independent, similar trading practices

Question 5

Phoenician Strategies / Way of Life

Answer 5

• set up colonies in strategic places to exploit natural resources of area
• took the materials, and refined them and sold them back as finished goods
• bought stuff for cheap, sold for expensive
• when they accumulated a colony they established control and created an absolute monopoly; unfair, made them only sell things to them and no other colonies for trade.

LIKE TICKETMASTER RESELLERS.

Question 6

Trade Treaty

Answer 6

• before carthage and rome became enemies, they had a trade treaty
• disbanded once they fell into the first punic war

Question 7

Punic Wars

1st Punic War

Answer 7

• Rome vs. Carthage over control of Sicily.
• Rome built a navy, defeated Carthage, and gained Sicily as its first province.
• started because “sons of mars” (bandits) took over Messana and threatened syracuse
• Bandits turned to carthage for support and rome decided to also fight all of them to gain more expansion

Question 8

Punic Wars

2nd Punic War

Answer 8

• Led by Carthaginian general Hannibal who famously crossed the Alps to invade Italy.
• Romans, under Scipio Africanus, defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.
• Rome became dominant in the western Mediterranean

Question 9

Punic Wars

3rd Punic War

Answer 9

• Rome destroyed Carthage after a long siege, ending the threat of Carthage forever.
• Carthage was completely wiped out, and its territory became a Roman province.

Question 10

The Raven

Answer 10

A Roman warship with a large boarding device (a bridge) to enable soldiers to board enemy ships and fight hand-to-hand.

Battle Loss:

The device failed during a later attempt, causing Rome to lose an entire fleet.

Question 11

End of First Punic War

Answer 11

After 23 years of fighting, Carthage reluctantly surrendered and agreed to peace.

Question 12

Carthage’s Decline

and what led to second punic war

Answer 12

• Military Discontent: Carthaginian military upset with commander’s peace treaty, feeling robbed of victory.
• Mercenary Revolt: Mercenaries rebelled, causing instability in Carthage.
• Rome’s Gains: Rome took control of Sicily and nearby islands, paving the way for the Second Punic War.

Question 13

Carthage’s Expansion to Spain

Answer 13

• abudance of rich resources in silver and copper gained immense wealth
• Carthage dominated these regions under “Hannibal”

Question 14

Tensions with Carthage and Rome

due to spain colonies

Answer 14

• The treaty recognized Carthage’s control over Spain, but Carthage demanded a city allied with Rome in Spain to submit to their rule.
• Rome warned Carthage to stop, or war would follow.

Question 15

Hannibal’s War Plan

Answer 15

• His plan was to strike fear in Italy, causing non-Roman communities to rise up and join Carthage.

Failure: Despite humiliating Rome, the colonies remained loyal.

• Romes allies always refused to turn against them, even in defeat.

Question 16

Hannibal’s Tactics

Answer 16

• Hannibal used deception, tricking his enemies by spreading false rumors and claiming he could communicate with animals.
• Led the Roman army into a lake, then trapped them by positioning his soldiers on the hills, firing missiles from above.
• Hannibal looted a town but spared Quintus Fabius Maximus’ house (roman dictator) to create distrust among Roman soldiers.
• 80,000 romans died in this war - largest # of soldiers killed in a war in one day/location
• common in roman schools to argue for or against Hannibals strategy of overtaking rome

QFM nickname - “cuntator” = procrastinator bc he refused to fight

Question 17

Peace Terms of the Second Punic War

Answer 17

Carthage Lost Everything: Carthage was stripped of all its territories and could no longer conduct foreign business.

Roman Expansion: Rome took control of Carthage’s African holdings and its territories in Spain.

Question 18

Effects on Rome of the Punic Wars

greek point is important

Answer 18

Military Changes: Rome went from 33 legions fighting Hannibal to only needing 3 legions against the Macedonians later.

**Fear of Greece and Macedonia: Rome became wary of Greece, Macedonia, and other regions after Hannibal’s alliances with them.

Adaptation in Roman Society: External pressures, like war, led to changes in Roman society

Citizenship Expansion: Rome expanded citizenship rights, offering it to slaves who fought in the war.

Question 19

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Answer 19

• Became consul at 31, showcasing military talent at a young age.
• Raised his own PRIVATE army through loans and donations
• Defeated Hannibal: Conquered Carthage in the Africa region, earning the title “Africanus.”
• Brought back massive amounts of silver and kept a portion of the spoils, paying his soldiers and enriching himself.

Question 20

After 3rd Punic War

spain geography and govenors

Answer 20

• Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily were made provinces.
• Spain was divided into two provinces.
• Creation of govenors: managed the provinces, ensured order, collected taxes, and enforced Roman laws.

Question 21

Publicani & Their Relationship to Provinces

important: read txtb pg 104-106 on provinces

Answer 21

• private contractors responsible for tax collection and other public services in the provinces.
• had significant influence and were seen as exploiting the provinces for personal gain.

Question 22

Roman Influence and Expansion in Spain

Answer 22

• Roman soldiers were settled in Spain to secure Roman control and increase military presence.
• Romans exploited Spain’s rich natural resources, especially silver and other minerals

Question 23

Conquest of Lusitanians and Celtiberians

Answer 23

• Roman forces conquered the Lusitanians and Celtiberians, two native groups in Spain, over a prolonged period of military campaigns.
• conquest led to further Roman control and integration of Spain into the empire.

Question 24

Roman Expanison

Greece Expansion

Second Macedonian War

Answer 24

• Fought between Rome and the Macedonian Kingdom of Philip V.
• Resulted in Roman victory, marking the decline of Macedonian power and the establishment of Roman influence in Greece.

Question 25

# Roman Expansion Greece Expansion | Proclamation at Corinth

Answer 25

* Rome declared Greece free from Macedonian control after their victory. * However, Rome's presence in Greece continued, as they maintained influence over the region.

Question 26

# Roman Expansion Syrian War

Answer 26

* Fought between Rome and the Seleucid Empire of Syria. * Rome emerged victorious, solidifying its control over Asia Minor and establishing further dominance in the eastern Mediterranean. * Rome established **client kingdoms** in the region, allowing local rulers to remain in power under Roman oversight. ## Footnote Despite proclaiming Greece’s freedom, Rome maintained significant political, military, and economic control over Greece and Asia Minor.

Question 27

Client Kingdoms

Answer 27

a place that maintains its local rulers but is under the control of a stronger state -- ex. Rome

Question 28

# North Africa Third Punic War | final conflict between rome and carthage

Answer 28

* Carthage was still a powerful city, and Rome, fearing its potential resurgence, decided to eliminate it completely. * The city was destroyed, its population killed or sold into slavery, and the territory was turned into a Roman province called Africa Proconsularis.

Question 29

The Punic Curse

Answer 29

Belief Rome was cursed after destroying Carthage Seen as an omen of misfortune for Rome, partly because of the injustice of the war.

Question 30

# Italy & Empire Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies | senates power, laws on politicians

Answer 30

Senate's Power: Controlled major decisions in Rome, especially in foreign and military affairs. Laws on Politicians: Restrictions were imposed to limit the power of individual leaders and commanders.

Question 31

Italy and the Consequences of Empire | post 2nd punic war, italy treatment, luxury and elites

Answer 31

Post-2nd Punic War: Italy faced harsh treatment, but some regions gained Roman citizenship or were punished. Luxury and Elites: Wealth increased, with luxury becoming more common among the elite; senators were banned from trade to prevent corruption.

Question 32

Demographic and Economic Changes | population growth, latifundium

Answer 32

Population Growth: Rome’s population grew significantly, changing its social and economic dynamics. Latifundium: Large estates emerged, relying heavily on slave labor, shaping the agricultural economy.

Question 33

# Roman Politics from the Mid-2nd Century Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus

Answer 33

* became Tribune and pushed reforms, especially to address land distribution. * Aimed to redistribute public land to the poor, reducing the power of wealthy landowners.

Question 34

Scipio Aemilianus

Answer 34

Known for his role in the final destruction of Carthage during the Third Punic War. Good friend of Tiberius Gracchus - helped him pass some laws

Question 35

Gaius Sempronius Gracchus | brother to tiberius

Answer 35

* continued his brother’s reforms with his own legislation. * Introduced subsidized grain to make food affordable. * Land laws to make them more affordable * Allowed equestrians (the wealthy class) to serve in juries, breaking the monopoly of the Senate. * Proposed granting citizenship to allied communities in Italy, aiming for more unity.

Question 36

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

Answer 36

A decree allowing the Senate to take emergency actions, often used to suppress populist movements like those of the Gracchi brothers.

Question 37

Populares and Optimates

Answer 37

* Populares: Reformers like the Gracchi brothers who sought power through popular support and were often opposed to the Senate. * Optimates: The conservative faction in the Senate, favoring the status quo and the power of the aristocracy.

Question 38

Hannibal

Answer 38

believed when he marched into rome all these seperate italians would abandon their alliances with rome and join hannibal, and they didnt