Week One Flashcards
Basic Information and Joints
What is kinematics?
Kinematics describes the MOTION of a body without regard to the forces or torques
What is kinetics?
Kinetics describes the EFFECT of forces and torques on the body
What are arthrokinematic motions?
Arthrokinematic motions are movements between the joint surfaces
What are osteokinematic motions?
Osteokinematic motions are movements of limbs through space about a joint
What is the structure that connects muscle to bone called?
Tendons
What is the structure that connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
What are the two types of kinetic chains?
Closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain
What is a closed kinetic chain?
Distal segment is fixed, proximal segment free to move
What is an open kinetic chain?
Distal segment free to move, proximal segment fixed
Is raising your arm while not holding anything an open or closed kinetic chain?
This is an open kinetic chain
What are the 3 planes in our body?
Sagittal, frontal, and horizontal/transverse
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides us equally between left and right, line is straight down the middle
What is the frontal plane?
Divides between anterior and posterior (think front and back)
What is the horizontal/transverse plane?
Divides between upper and lower, superior and inferior
What is it called when a plane divides the body into equal halves through the center of gravity?
Cardinal plane
What are the 3 axes?
Sagittal, frontal, and vertical axis
Where does the sagittal axis pass through a joint?
Sagittal axis passes through the joint anterior to posterior
What is the plane for the sagittal axis?
Frontal plane
Where does the frontal axis pass through a joint?
Medial to lateral, think of it going through from left to right
What is the plane for the frontal axis?
Front axis goes with the sagittal plane
Where does the vertical axis pass through a joint?
The vertical axis passes through the joint superior to inferior
What are the motions in the sagittal plane? What axis are they on?
Flexion/extension
Frontal axis
What are the motions in the frontal plane? What axis are they one?
Abduction/adduction
Side flexion
Inversion/eversion
Sagittal axis
What are the motions in the transverse plane?
Internal/external rotation
Horizontal flexion/extension
Supination/pronation
Vertical axis
What are degrees of freedom?
Refers to the number of planes within which a joint can move
What is it called when motion can only happen about one axis? Give an example.
Uniaxal joint, finger or elbow
What is it called when motion can only happen about 2 axis? Give an example
Biaxal joint, saddle joint, metacarpophalangeal
What is it called when motion can happen about 3 planes? Give an example
Triaxial or multiaxial
Ball and socket joints, like the hip and shoulder
What is it called when motion can only happen linear, not angular? Give an example
Nonaxial
Intercarpal
What is ROM measured by?
Goniometer
What point is anatomical position when measuring ROM?
Anatomical position is the zero point
What is end feel?
Sensation perceived when passively moving a patient’s joint to the end of its ROM
What is expected when at end of normal ROM?
Normal end feel
What is abnormal end feel?
When end of ROM is not normal, could be due to swelling, muscle guarding, or changes in anatomy
True or false: Everyone has their own end feel
True!
What is a soft end feel?
A soft end feel is when the compression of soft tissue halts motion
What is it called when the muscle in my bicep prevents me from bending my arm closer?
Soft end feel
What is a hard end feel?
Hard end feel is when the bone won’t “give,” think how the elbow stops when you extend it
What is firm end feel?
Firm end feel is tension in structures that limit motion, like trying to touch your toes but you just can’t get any further
What is empty end feel?
Abrupt halt to motion by patient usually due to pain
What is boggy end feel?
Soft or spongy end feel, usually caused by swelling
What is muscle spasm?
Reflexive guarding or abnormal muscle tone, acute injury
What is springy block?
Internal derangement of a joint, torn cartilage
What are two main functions of joints?
Allow motion and provide stability
What are synovial joints?
Freely mobile joints that are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity
What do ligaments do?
Hold the 2 bones together
What does the capsule do in a joint?
Surrounds and encases the joint. Outer layer is fibrous and supports/protects joint
What is the synovial membrane of a joint?
The inner layer of the capsule made of thick, vascular connective tissue.
Secretes synovial fluid
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
To lubricate to reduce friction between the bones and it’s a major source of nutrition for cartilage. Also shock absorption
What is the bursa in a joint?
Small fluid filled pillow like sacks located here many joints like shoulders, knees, and hips
What is disclocation?
Complete separation of joint surfaces
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation
What is osteoarthritis?
Wear and tear arthritis
What is a sprain?
Tears of ligaments
What is a strain?
Overstretching of muscles
What are the types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
True or false: Ligaments are nonelastic
True
What is the difference between active and passive motion?
Active motion is the muscles doing the motion, passive motion is something else moving it for you
