Week - Liver disorders, childhood conditions and GIT pharmacology

Question 1

Portal hypertension

Answer 1

Increased pressure in the venous portal circulation

Question 2

Splenomegaly

Answer 2

Enlargement of spleen

Question 3

Ascites

Answer 3

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 4

Hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 4

Toxic neurological syndrome

Question 5

Jaundice

Answer 5

Yellow or greenish pigmentation of the skin

Question 6

Hepatorenal syndrome

Answer 6

Renal failure secondary to liver failure

Question 7

What is the hepatic sequence in the Incubation phase?

Answer 7

From 15-180 days depending on type of hepatitis

Question 8

Prodromal (preicteric) phase

Answer 8

Lasts 1-21 days. Characterised by nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia, malaise. Ends with onset of jaundice.

Question 9

Icteric

Answer 9

Lasts 2-6 weeks. Characterised by onset of jaundice, dark urine and clay coloured stools. Actual stage of illness

Question 10

Recovery phase

Answer 10

Symptoms diminish, liver function tests return to normal within 2-12 weeks after appearance of jaundice

Question 11

Cirrhosis

Answer 11

Irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function and even structure

Question 12

Clinical manifestations of cholecystitis

Answer 12

Epigastric and right upper quadrant pain radiating to middle back
Fever
Jaundice if bile duct becomes blocked

Question 13

Treatment for cholecystitis

Answer 13

Antibiotics
Analgesia
Surgical resection if condition becomes chronic

Question 14

Most common cause of Cholelithiasis

Answer 14

Bile supersaturated with cholesterol

Question 15

What types of people are at risk of cholelithiasis?

Answer 15

Obesity, middle age, female, and gallbladder, pancreas, or ileal disease

Question 16

Pancreatitis

Answer 16

inflammation of the pancreas

Question 17

What are the clinical manifestations of pancreatitis?

Answer 17

Epigastric or mid abdominal pain
Fever and leukocytosis
Hypermotility or paralytic ileus and nausea and vomiting

Question 18

Treatment for pancreatitis

Answer 18

Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Drugs to decrease stomach acid production (ppi)
Antibiotics if indicated

Question 19

Cleft lip and palate

Answer 19

Cleft lip and cleft palate are developmental anomalies

Both disorders are caused by multiple gene-environment interactions

Question 20

Esophageal atresia

Answer 20

Condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

Question 21

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 21

Abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus

Various forms

Question 22

PYLORIC STENOSIS

Answer 22

Obstruction of pylorus caused by hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter muscle
Child begins projectile vomiting (3-4 feet) at 2 to 3 weeks of age
Vomiting causes weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and dehydration

Question 23

Malrotation

Answer 23

During embryonic development, the developing ileum and cecum normally rotate

Question 24

MECONIUM ILEUS

Answer 24

Meconium is a substance that fills the intestine before birth
Meconium is a collection of intestinal gland secretions and amniotic fluid
A meconium ileus is a meconium-caused intestinal obstruction in a newborn

Question 25

CONGENITAL AGANGLIONIC MEGACOLON

Also referred to as Hirschsprung disease

Answer 25

The aganglionic section of colon is immotile and an obstruction will likely occur
The intestinal segment proximal to the segment lacking ganglion cells is dilated and hypertrophied

Question 26

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Answer 26

Intussusception is a telescoping or invagination of one part of the intestine to another, which causes an obstruction of the intestine
The most common scenario is the ileum invaginating into the cecum

Question 27

Celiac Disease

Answer 27

The patient loses villous epithelium in the intestinal tract. Gluten protein acts as a toxin.

Question 28

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 28

Autosomal recessive disease that involves many organs
In the digestive tract it causes a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes
Triad