Week - Liver disorders, childhood conditions and GIT pharmacology Flashcards
Portal hypertension
Increased pressure in the venous portal circulation
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of spleen
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Hepatic encephalopathy
Toxic neurological syndrome
Jaundice
Yellow or greenish pigmentation of the skin
Hepatorenal syndrome
Renal failure secondary to liver failure
What is the hepatic sequence in the Incubation phase?
From 15-180 days depending on type of hepatitis
Prodromal (preicteric) phase
Lasts 1-21 days. Characterised by nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anorexia, malaise. Ends with onset of jaundice.
Icteric
Lasts 2-6 weeks. Characterised by onset of jaundice, dark urine and clay coloured stools. Actual stage of illness
Recovery phase
Symptoms diminish, liver function tests return to normal within 2-12 weeks after appearance of jaundice
Cirrhosis
Irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function and even structure
Clinical manifestations of cholecystitis
Epigastric and right upper quadrant pain radiating to middle back
Fever
Jaundice if bile duct becomes blocked
Treatment for cholecystitis
Antibiotics
Analgesia
Surgical resection if condition becomes chronic
Most common cause of Cholelithiasis
Bile supersaturated with cholesterol
What types of people are at risk of cholelithiasis?
Obesity, middle age, female, and gallbladder, pancreas, or ileal disease
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
What are the clinical manifestations of pancreatitis?
Epigastric or mid abdominal pain
Fever and leukocytosis
Hypermotility or paralytic ileus and nausea and vomiting
Treatment for pancreatitis
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Drugs to decrease stomach acid production (ppi)
Antibiotics if indicated
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate are developmental anomalies
Both disorders are caused by multiple gene-environment interactions
Esophageal atresia
Condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus
Various forms
PYLORIC STENOSIS
Obstruction of pylorus caused by hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter muscle
Child begins projectile vomiting (3-4 feet) at 2 to 3 weeks of age
Vomiting causes weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and dehydration
Malrotation
During embryonic development, the developing ileum and cecum normally rotate
MECONIUM ILEUS
Meconium is a substance that fills the intestine before birth
Meconium is a collection of intestinal gland secretions and amniotic fluid
A meconium ileus is a meconium-caused intestinal obstruction in a newborn
CONGENITAL AGANGLIONIC MEGACOLON
Also referred to as Hirschsprung disease
The aganglionic section of colon is immotile and an obstruction will likely occur
The intestinal segment proximal to the segment lacking ganglion cells is dilated and hypertrophied
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Intussusception is a telescoping or invagination of one part of the intestine to another, which causes an obstruction of the intestine
The most common scenario is the ileum invaginating into the cecum
Celiac Disease
The patient loses villous epithelium in the intestinal tract. Gluten protein acts as a toxin.
Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive disease that involves many organs
In the digestive tract it causes a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes
Triad
