Week 5 - Reproduction Flashcards
Primary dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles
Secondary dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology
Primary amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Secondary amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation for 3 or more cycles in previously menstruating women
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Causes include malignancy, pregnancy and haemotalogical disorders
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)
(Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Cyclic physical, psychological, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection
May involve any organ of the reproductive tract
Vaginitis
Infection of vagina by sexually transmitted pathogens and Candida albicans
Acidic nature of the vagina provides some protection
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Heavy or irregular bleeding caused by anovulatory cycles, corpus luteum defects or atrophic endometrium
Treatment of underlying cause
May be hormonal, surgical or medical
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)
Symptoms
Oligomenorrhoea infrequent periods (defined as <9 periods per year)
Infertility or subfertility.
Acne.
Hirsutism (abnormal hair growth on a woman’s face & body)
Alopecia (spot baldness)
Obesity or difficulty losing weight.
Psychological symptoms - mood swings, depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem.[5]
Sleep apnoea.
What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome characterised by?
Characterized by at least two of the following
- Oligoovulation or anovulation - (ovulating less frequently or not at all)
- Elevated levels of androgens
- Polycystic ovaries
Causes of Polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Hyperinsulinemia causes increased androgen secretion by ovaries
Obesity aggravates symptoms
Treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Includes hormone therapy, anti androgens and weight loss
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection
May involve any organ of the reproductive tract
Causes of PID
Most common cause is sexually transmitted diseases which migrate from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
Usually involves polymicrobial infection
Common symptoms of PID
Common symptoms include pain, dysuria and irregular bleeding
Treatment of PID
Aggressive antibiotic therapy, avoidance of intercourse and bed rest
Uterine prolapse
Descent of cervix or entire uterus into vaginal canal
Cystocele
Descent of posterior bladder wall into vaginal canal
Urethrocele
Herniation of urethra into vaginal canal
Rectocele
Herniation of rectum into vaginal canal
Enterocele
Herniation of bowel into vaginal canal
Endometriosis IS
Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus
Possible causes of endometriosis
Retrograde menstruation and dysfunctional immune system.
Spermatocele
Painless diverticulum of epididymis between head of epididymis and the testis
Varicocele
Inflammation/dilation of veins in the spermatic cord
Hydrocele
Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis
Cryptorchidism
Failure of testis to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
Ectopic testis
Testis that has strayed from the normal pathway of descent
Torsion of the testis
Rotation of the testis causing twisting of the blood vessels in the spermatic cord
