Week 5 - Reproduction

Question 1

Primary dysmenorrhea

Answer 1

Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles

Question 2

Secondary dysmenorrhea

Answer 2

Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology

Question 3

Primary amenorrhea

Answer 3

absence of menstruation

Question 4

Secondary amenorrhea

Answer 4

Absence of menstruation for 3 or more cycles in previously menstruating women

Question 5

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Answer 5

Causes include malignancy, pregnancy and haemotalogical disorders

Question 6

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)

Answer 6

(Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)

Question 7

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 7

Cyclic physical, psychological, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities

Question 8

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 8

Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection

May involve any organ of the reproductive tract

Question 9

Vaginitis

Answer 9

Infection of vagina by sexually transmitted pathogens and Candida albicans
Acidic nature of the vagina provides some protection

Question 10

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Answer 10

Heavy or irregular bleeding caused by anovulatory cycles, corpus luteum defects or atrophic endometrium
Treatment of underlying cause
May be hormonal, surgical or medical

Question 11

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (Dysfunction of follicle development and decline)

Answer 11

Symptoms
Oligomenorrhoea infrequent periods (defined as <9 periods per year)
Infertility or subfertility.
Acne.
Hirsutism (abnormal hair growth on a woman’s face & body)
Alopecia (spot baldness)
Obesity or difficulty losing weight.
Psychological symptoms - mood swings, depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem.[5]
Sleep apnoea.

Question 12

What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome characterised by?

Answer 12

Characterized by at least two of the following

1. Oligoovulation or anovulation - (ovulating less frequently or not at all)
2. Elevated levels of androgens
3. Polycystic ovaries

Question 13

Causes of Polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 13

Hyperinsulinemia causes increased androgen secretion by ovaries
Obesity aggravates symptoms

Question 14

Treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 14

Includes hormone therapy, anti androgens and weight loss

Question 15

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 15

Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection

May involve any organ of the reproductive tract

Question 16

Causes of PID

Answer 16

Most common cause is sexually transmitted diseases which migrate from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
Usually involves polymicrobial infection

Question 17

Common symptoms of PID

Answer 17

Common symptoms include pain, dysuria and irregular bleeding

Question 18

Treatment of PID

Answer 18

Aggressive antibiotic therapy, avoidance of intercourse and bed rest

Question 19

Uterine prolapse

Answer 19

Descent of cervix or entire uterus into vaginal canal

Question 20

Cystocele

Answer 20

Descent of posterior bladder wall into vaginal canal

Question 21

Urethrocele

Answer 21

Herniation of urethra into vaginal canal

Question 22

Rectocele

Answer 22

Herniation of rectum into vaginal canal

Question 23

Enterocele

Answer 23

Herniation of bowel into vaginal canal

Question 24

Endometriosis IS

Answer 24

Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus

Question 25

Possible causes of endometriosis

Answer 25

Retrograde menstruation and dysfunctional immune system.

Question 26

Spermatocele

Answer 26

Painless diverticulum of epididymis between head of epididymis and the testis

Question 27

Varicocele

Answer 27

Inflammation/dilation of veins in the spermatic cord

Question 28

Hydrocele

Answer 28

Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

Question 29

Cryptorchidism

Answer 29

Failure of testis to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

Question 30

Ectopic testis

Answer 30

Testis that has strayed from the normal pathway of descent

Question 31

Torsion of the testis

Answer 31

Rotation of the testis causing twisting of the blood vessels in the spermatic cord