Week Four

Question 1

intergroup behaviour

Answer 1

Behaviour among individuals that is regulated by those individuals’ awareness of identification with different social groups.

Question 2

intergroup disharmony

Answer 2

• relative deprivation
  long hot summer theory
  j curve hypothesis

Question 3

relative deprivation

Answer 3

a sense of having less than we feel entitled to.
○ Perception of having less than you deserve.

Stouffer, Suchman, DeVinnet, Star and Williams in 1949.

Question 4

long hot summer theory

Answer 4

the theory by Berkowitz that individual acts of aggression are caused by aversive environmental conditions (heatwave) that amplify frustration.

Question 5

j curve hypothesis

Answer 5

○ Relative deprivation is particularly acute when attainments suffer a sudden setback in the context of expectations which continue to rise.
§ When things go downhill when they assume they will continue to rise.

Question 6

egoistic vs fraternalistic disharmony

Answer 6

• Runciman distinguished between egoistic vs Fraternalistic disharmony.
  ○ Egoistic is feeling that YOU are getting less than you are entitled to
  ○ Fraternalistic is feeling that YOUR GROUP is getting less than they deserve
  
  • For Fraternalistic relative deprivation to have sufficient impact for people to take action, they must identify strongly with the in-group.

Question 7

Sherif’s camp studies

Answer 7

• Role of superordinate goals (requires cooperation by both groups)
  
  • Realistic group conflict theory
    Goal relations between individuals and groups determine cooperative or competitive interdependence, and thus the nature of interpersonal and intergroup behaviour.

Question 8

realistic group theory experimental games.

Answer 8

• Prisoner’s dilemma (will people cooperate to get the best outcome for each possible).
  
  • Common’s dilemma (idea that there are limited resources and if everyone does the right thing there will be sustainability).
    ○ Looks into the free rider effect, ‘perhaps I can do the wrong thing but it will still be alright because other will’.
    ○ Issue is that if everyone develops this mentality, there will be a downfall.
  • Minimal group studies
    Looked at how close/connected a person has to be to their group to support the group over others.

Question 9

social identity theory

Answer 9

(Tajfel and colleagues)

- Theory of group membership and intergroup relations and was an alternatives to interpersonal explanations.
- Argued that social identify provided members with a definition and a value of being a group member. 
- Looked at parts of our identity that are social and parts that are personal. 
- Even with minimal information, people tend to favour the ingroup (favour their own group).  - joining groups is found to increase self-esteem.

Question 10

ethnocentrism

Answer 10

the idea that we belong to the best group

Question 11

self-categorisation theory

Answer 11

• Categories based on cognitive representations of groups.
  
  • Use to prototypes to:
    ○ Minimise difference within groups.
    ○ Maximise differences between groups.
  • In groups, there is often depersonalisation. Thus, we don’t treat others as individuals but rather as protypical group members (they belong to that group).

Question 12

relative homogeneity effect

Answer 12

Outgroup members are viewed as all the same, while ingroup members are more differentiated.

Question 13

category based memory effects

Answer 13

People are more likely to remember that unfavourable behaviours belong to out group members.

Question 14

brewer’s optimal distincitveness theory

Answer 14

○ We strive for balance between being included and being separate.
○ i.e. understanding that while someone does belong to a group, they also have personal characteristics.
○ The idea that we, as humans, do want to differentiate rather than pigeon-holing people.

Question 15

LeBon’s theory of crowd behaviour

Answer 15

○ The idea that group situations can let out primal instincts.

Question 16

Diener’s Halloween study

Answer 16

De-individualisation and anonymity
○ Groups can take away individual characteristics.
○ People are more likely to behave badly or antisocial if their identity is unknown.
○ However, anonymity doesn’t necessarily promote aggression.

Question 17

emergent norm theory

Answer 17

○ The idea that the reason crowds can be more dangerous is because distinctive behaviours are the basis for a relevant norms to emerge.
Once people see a distinctive (noticeable, memorable) behaviour or person, this becomes what is expected, and thus other members follow it.

Question 18

social identity perspective

Answer 18

○ Takes the approach that other theories ignore the intergroup component.
○ Thus its not that we lose our personal identity, but instead that we develop a social identity and thus we follow this social behaviour.

Question 19

strategies to create intergroup harmony

Answer 19

• Propaganda and education
  
  • Contact hypothesis
  • Superordinate goals
    Communication and conciliation.

Question 20

Klanderman’s four steps to social movement participation

Answer 20

○ Becoming part of the mobilization potential. First, you must be a sympathizer and believe you are being deprived as a group.
○ Becoming a target of mobilization attempts, you must also be informed about what you can do and about what is going on.
○ Developing the motivation to participate. You must be motivates to participate, this motivation arises from the value that you place on the outcome of protest and the extent to which you believe that the protest will actually deliver.
○ Overcoming barriers to participation. Often there are insurmountable obstacles, these will only be overcome by someone who has very high motivation.

Question 21

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 21

theory that all frustration leads to aggression and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression.

Question 22

prototype

Answer 22

a fuzzy set of attributes that describes one group and distinguishes it from relevant other groups.

Question 23

self-esteem and group behaviour

Answer 23

• Self esteem motivation has shown that:
  ○ Intergroup differentiation tends to elevate self esteem
  ○ Depressed self-esteem does not motivate intergroup differentiation
  ○ It is collective self-esteem, not personal self esteem that is related in group processes.
  ○ In groups people are highly creative and competent at protecting themselves from the low self–esteem consequences of low status group membership.

Question 24

emergent norm theory

Answer 24

Collective behaviour is regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially normless crowd.

- In a crowd, attention is directed to distinctive behaviour which then creates a norm and pressure against non-conformity. 
- Rather than losing identity in a crowd, it is argued that people actually assume the identity provided by the crowd.

Question 25

weapon’s effect

Answer 25

the mere presence of a weapon increases the probability that it will be used aggressively.

Question 26

how to reduce prejudice

Answer 26

• Argued that education and experiencing bigotry may reduce prejudice.
  In their integrated threat model Stephan and Stephan (2000)

Question 27

collective narcissism

Answer 27

Collective narcissism is when a group develops a strong sense of ethnocentrism, entitlement, superiority, omnipotence, egocentrism, need for recognition and acknowledgement, coupled with high but unstable self-esteem and a fragile sense of self

Question 28

contact hypothesis

Answer 28

the view that bringing together members of conflicting groups will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination.