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Brain and Behavior > Week 9 (Test 3) > Flashcards

Week 9 (Test 3) Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

The cerebellum is located infratentorially in the posterior fossa, and is responsible for three main functions:

A

Maintenance of posture and balance Maintenance of skeletal muscle tone Coordination of voluntary and fine movement

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2
Q

List the tonic systems (geared towards fighting gravity and controlling posture).

A

Pontine reticulospinal, Vestibulopsinal, and Tectospinal

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3
Q

List the phasic systems (geared towards controlling discrete movements).

A

Corticospinal, Rubrospinal, and Medullary reticulospinal

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4
Q
  • located deep in superior colliculus (which does visual orientation)
  • it’s for moving the neck
  • helps you track things

​

A

tectospinal tract

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5
Q

What is the only solely inhibitory tract?

A

Medullary Reticulospinal tract

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6
Q

Which tract is found in the genu of the internal capsule?

A

corticobulbar tract

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7
Q

Lesions to the subthalamic nucleus result in what?

A

hemiballismus (violent, flinging movment occuring in proximal musculature)

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8
Q

What is the site of origin of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

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9
Q

damage to one side of the cerebellum will result in symptoms on which side?

A

the ipsilateral side

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10
Q

What are the 3 opioid receptor subtypes?

A

µ, delta, kappa

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11
Q

Endorphins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

A

µ

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12
Q

Enkephalins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

A

delta

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13
Q

Dynorphins have the highest affinity for which opioid receptors?

A

kappa

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14
Q

What’s the prototype µ-agonist?

A

Morphine

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15
Q

Used as anesthetic adjuvants

A

Fentanyl

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of opioid withdrawals?

A

•Sweating, nausea, vomiting, cramps, shivering, shakes, restlessness

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17
Q

Opioid dependence can be managed with what medications?

A

methadone or naltrexone treatment.

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18
Q

What is the rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism?

A

Conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase the is rate limiting step

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19
Q

reduced effect and reduced concentration in plasma

A

dispositional tolerance

20
Q

reduced effect at same concentration in plasma

A

pharmacodynamic tolerance

21
Q

What is the Mellanby effect?

A

Impairment is greater at a given blood alcohol level when BAC is increasing than for the same BAC when the blood alcohol level is falling.

22
Q

What are the effects of ethanol on the cardiovascular system?

A

vasodilatation of cutaneous vessels that can lead to hypothermia

23
Q

What’s the immediate cause of death in methanol poisoning?

A

Immediate cause of death is respiratory arrest

24
Q
  • Competitive alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor
  • Relatively non-toxic
  • Antidote of choice for methanol & ethylene glycol
A

Fomepizole

25
Q

What would you give to treat methanol poisoning?

A

ethanol and Fomepizole

26
Q

What Treatment would you give for ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

ethanol and Fomepizole

27
Q

How do you treat Strychnine Poisoning?

A

•Treat with IV diazepam, reduced environmental stress, and activated charcoal

28
Q

What are the effects of coffee on your breathing? Your heart rate?

A

increases ventilation; slight decrease in heart rate

29
Q

What are the effects of caffeine on your blood vessels?

A
  • Dilates peripheral vasculature, increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle (particularly during exercise)
  • Constricts cerebral vasculature
30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of caffeine?

A

Antagonism of adenosine receptors

31
Q

Caffeine’s half life is increased by what?

A
  • hepatic disease
  • pregnant women and women taking oral contraceptives
32
Q

Caffeine’s half life is decreased by what?

A
  • smoking
  • combination with phenytoin or barbiturates
33
Q

useful pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation

due to blunting of rewarding effects of nicotine

A

Varenicline

34
Q

How does Varenicline work?

A

it is a partial agonist at alph4beta2 nicotinic
receptor subtype

35
Q

What transmitter does MDMA (ectasy) affect primarily?

A

serotonin

36
Q

Bath salts are analogues of ____.

A

cathinone

37
Q

•At the site of trauma, while head is still

A

coup lesion

38
Q

•At the opposite site of trauma, while head is in motion

A

contrecoup lesion

39
Q

Diffuse axonal injury is a result of ____.

A

angular acceleartion injuries like a rolling car

40
Q

Epidural hematomas are most commonly caused by ___

A

Middle meningeal artery tear by fracture

41
Q
  • Bridging vein tear by sudden movement of brain
  • Slowly progressive neurologic deterioration
A

subdural hematoma

42
Q

What’s the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

žThe fibers terminate on alpha motor neurons and:

  • EXCITE flexors of arms
  • INHIBIT extensors of arms
43
Q

What’s the function of the corticorubral fibers?

A
  • žThese are fibers that come from the cortex and go to the red nucleus
  • žThey inhibit the red nucleus
  • žThis is why your arms aren’t flexed all the time—the corticorubral fibers keep the rubrospinal tract in check!
44
Q

What are the symptoms of decorticate lesions?

A
  • spastic paralysis (UMN lesion)
  • legs extended
  • arms flexed
45
Q

What are the symptoms of a cerebrate lesion?

A
  • spastic paralysis (UMN lesion)
  • legs extended
  • arms extended

Brain and Behavior (11 decks)

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