Week 5 (Test 2) Flashcards
How can damage to CN 7 cause hearing problems?
CN7 damage can cause malfunction of stapedius, and normal sounds can appear very loud, a problem called “hyperacusis”.
Similar to intracellular fluid, high in K+
endolymph
similar to extracellular fluid, high in Na+
perilymph
Which part of the basilar membrane is responsible for detection of low tones?
the apex
which part of the basilar membrane is responsible for detection of high tones?
the base
Which drug class can cause hair cell damage (ototoxicity)?
aminoglycosides
What’s the function of the trapezoid body?
it’s a set of fiber bundles that transmit auditory signals from side to side
What’s the ultimate destination for auditory info?
transverse temporal gyrus
Which Brodmann’s areas represent the primary auditory cortex?
41 & 42
List the auditory pathway (where the signal generated by sound travels to).
organ of Corti–> spiral ganglion –> cochlear nucleus (superior olivery nucleus)–> lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus –> brachium–> medial geniculate nucleus –> internal capsule, auditory radiation –> primary auditory cortex, transverse temporal gyrus
What role does the superior olivary nucleus play in hearing?
A structure that helps us to localize the source of a sound, i.e., from the left- or the right-side of the body.
What is the role of efferent cochlear bundles in hearing?
selective attention of sounds–>
In a noisy party we can usually pay attention to the voice of a certain person and ignore other noises
–Signals emitted from the sup. olivery nuc. are sent to the organ of Corti to suppress irrelevant auditory signals so we can focus on the interesting conversation with a certain person.
produce aqueous humor
ciliary processes
Does contracting the ciliary muscle make the lens fatten or become flat? How?
it makes the lens fatten; contracting the ciliary muscle relieves pressure on the zonular fibers (anchor the lens to the ciliary muscle) which allows the lens to fatten
What composes the outer nuclear layer of the retina?
nuclei of rods and cones
modified sweat glands that produce was in the external auditory meatus
ceruminous gland
responsible for sensing vertical movement
saccule
detects rotational movement
CRISTAE AMPULLARES
IN AMPULLAE OF SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS
responsible for sensing horizontal movement
utricle (U HOR)
What fluid is inside the semicircular canals?
endolymph
Hair cells in the utricle/saccule are activated by ______. This helps to detect linear acceleration.
otolith movement
Hair cells in the semicircular canal are activated by ____. This helps to detect angular acceleration.
endolymph movement
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex test called when you perform it on a comatose patient?
oculocephalic reflex
Direction of nystagmus is defined by the ____.
fast phase
The way to memorize cold/warm water and direction of nystagmus is:
COWS: Cold Opposite, Warm Same
All NSAIDs inhibit ____.
cyclooxygenase
Prostaglandins cause:
vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation
Thromboxane causes:
vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
What makes aspirin unique amongst the NSAIDs?
it binds to COX irreversibly
What is ibuprofen good for at high dosage?
anti-inflammatory activity as effective as aspirin
What is ibuprofen good for at low dosage?
analgesic
Long half-life, 13 hr
Intermediate potency
Increased incidence of side effects (GI pain most common) compared to ibuprofen likely due to the need for increased dose
Naproxen
Drug of choice to close a patent ductus arteriosus (it was being kept open by PGE2)
Indomethacin
Can be administered orally or parenterally (i.m. or i.v.)
Used primarily for short-term management of pain
May be able to replace morphine in certain conditions but is often used with an opiate
Ketoralac
more selective for COX-2 than the others
Long half-life, 20 h;
Used for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in adults
Meloxicam
a selective COX-2 inhibitor used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, acute pain, dysmenorrhea
Celecoxib (Celebrix™)
Inhibits release of chemotactic and inflammatory mediators.
Highly Toxic, low therapeutic index – fatal at 2–5 x normal doses but is now approved for acute attacks of gout
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Colchicine
What are the contraindications for aspirin use?
- Patients with renal disease, bleeding disorders, or hypersensitivity
- Patients with gout – inhibits uric acid excretion
- Young children during or following a viral infection - Reyes Syndrome
- Use with extreme caution during third trimester of pregnancy
used for prevention of gout; Inhibit renal tubular reabsorption of urate
Probenecid
How does allopurinol prevent gout?
converted to alloxanthine by xanthine oxidase to become a suicide inhibitor of xanthine oxidase – blocks urate synthesis
What’s the toxic dose of acetaminophen for kids?
150mg/kg
What’s the toxic dose of acetaminophen for adults?
10 grams