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3820: Microbiology & Immunology > Week 9 - Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Week 9 - Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Defective Airway Epithelial Host Defense Functions

A
  • Decreased mucociliary clearance
  • Increased pathogen adhesion
  • Decreased epithelial barrier
  • Decreased antimicrobial activity
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2
Q

Alterations in Respiratory Microecology

A
  • Decreased indigenous microflora
  • Increased conditional pathogenic microorganisms
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3
Q

Insufficiency & Dysfunction of Immune Cells

A
  • Decreased alveolar macrophages
  • Decreased NK cells
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4
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

A
  • Consistently exposed to harmful substances inhaled from environment
  • Variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria normally colonize upper airways
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5
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A
  • Ciliated columnar & goblet cells share mucociliary function
  • Columnar cells - cilia on their surface to sweep out pathogen
  • Goblet cells - secrete mucus, dense gel comprised of mucin
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6
Q

Mucus Layer

A
  • Provides passive protection for epithelium
  • Acts as trapping agent for entering particles
  • Covers cilia
  • Transported by wavelike motion towards back of throat - swallow/expectorated
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7
Q

Intrinsic Factors

A
  • Previous resp tract infections
  • Anatomical changes
  • Immunocompromising medical conditions
  • Biologic sex
  • Family history/genetic predisposition
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8
Q

Extrinsic Factors

A
  • Smoking
  • Occupational & environmental exposures
  • Recurrent infections
  • Immunocompromised (meds, IV drug use, nutrition)
  • Living environment (2nd hand smoke, overcrowding, low-income)
  • Breast feeding
  • Daycare attendance
  • Vaccine status
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9
Q

Upper Resp Tract Infections

A

Common due to proximity of external environment

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10
Q

Lower Resp Tract Infections

A

Excess moisture & rich nutrient supply - infection

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11
Q

Strep Throat

A
  • Caused by group A strep
  • Encapsulated
  • Produce streptokinase - breaks down fibrin clots allowing spread
  • Diagnosis via throat swab
  • Penicillin common treatment
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12
Q

Strep Throat Symptoms

A
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Inflamed tissue
  • Pus on tonsils
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13
Q

Scarlet Fever

A
  • Caused by group A strep
  • Same organism as strep throat
  • Streptococci produce erythrogenic toxin
  • Penicillin treatment
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14
Q

Scarlet Fever Symptoms

A
  • Skin rash
  • High fever
  • Inflamed throat tissues
  • Strawberry like tongue
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15
Q

Diphtheria

A
  • Throat infection
  • Caused by club-shaped rod - corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Antibiotic therapy augmented by antitoxins to neutralize the toxins
  • Immunization has made this disease rare
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16
Q

Diphtheria Symptoms

A
  • Sore throat
  • Neck swelling
  • Blockage of resp pathways - membrane like accumulations due to exotoxin
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17
Q

Otitis Media

A
  • Middle ear infection
  • Caused by strep, staph or influenzae
  • 90% are viral - wait before antibiotics
  • Infant males at highest risk
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18
Q

Otitis Media Symptoms

A
  • Earaches
  • Fever
  • Irritability - especially in children
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19
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Lung inflammation
  • Caused by bacterial or viral infection
  • Air sacs fill with pus and may become soiled
  • Alveoli fill with WBC, bacteria, exudate - white consolidation on x-ray
  • Penicillin therapy
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20
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A
  • Polysaccharide capsule - protect from phagocytosis
  • Caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Most common pneumonia in adults
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21
Q

Pneumonia Symptoms

A
  • Acute onset of fever
  • Chest pains
  • SOB
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22
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

A
  • Bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia
  • Polysaccharide capsule
  • Requires blood containing medium for growth
  • Attacks lungs debilitated by viral influenza infections
  • Transmitted via resp route
  • Vaccination key
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23
Q

Atypical Pneumonias

A
  • Mycoplasma & Chlamydophila pneumonias
  • Present with drier cough & less severe symptoms
24
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Treatment

A
  • Lacks cell wall - penicillin ineffective
  • Erythromycin recommended
  • Walking pneumonia
25
Q

Chlamydophila Pneumoniae

A
  • Resembles influenzas type infection
  • Treated with tetracycline therapy
26
Q

Legionnaires Disease

A
  • Exists in water & airborne in wind gusts
  • Erythromycin used for therapy
  • Transmission through inhalation of contaminated aerosols
27
Q

Legionnaires Disease Symptoms

A
  • High fever
  • Lung consolidation
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache
  • Malaise
  • Lethargy
  • Pneumonia - if untreated
28
Q

Bordetella Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

A
  • Highly contagious
  • Transmitted via respiratory secretions
  • Stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent
  • Erythromycin & other abx for treatment
  • Immunization crucial
  • Dangerous to young infants
  • Whooping sound made in paroxysmal stage
29
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Acid-fast rod - high lipid content in cell wall
  • Obligate aerobe
  • Commonly infects lungs, high oxygen
  • Airborne transmission of droplets
30
Q

Picornaviridae

A
  • Non-enveloped
  • Single strand RNA virus
31
Q

Common Cold Transmission

A
  • Transmitted through physical contact of mucus membrane secretions/droplets
  • Coughing/sneezing produce infectious aerosols
32
Q

Rhinoviruses

A
  • Single strand RNA virus
  • Enveloped
  • Common cold virus
  • Can persist on environmental surfaces for up to a week
33
Q

Adenoviruses

A
  • Double stranded DNA
  • Wrapped in protective protein coat
  • Common cold virus
34
Q

Mononucleosis

A
  • Caused by EBV
  • Spread through saliva - kissing, sharing glass/food utensils
  • Treating with penicillin often causes full body rash - diagnostic symptom
  • Blood test monospot
  • 4-6 week incubation period
35
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus

A
  • 1 of 9 herpesvirus types
  • Common human virus
  • Double stranded DNA
36
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)

A
  • Orthopneumoviridae
  • Common cause of bronchiolitis & pneumonia - children under 1
  • RNA virus
  • Causes cell cultures to fuse & form clusters (syncytia)
  • Recover in 1-2 weeks
37
Q

Conornaviruses

A
  • Responsible for SARS & MERS outbreaks
  • Range from common cold to fatal illness
  • Single stranded RNA
  • Envelope contains viral nucleocapsid
38
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A
  • Spherical
  • Proteins (spikes) protruding surface
  • Spikes latch onto human cells to fuse to cell membrane
  • Enable viral genes to enter host & be copied
39
Q

COVID-19

A
  • Less severe pathogenesis
  • Higher transmission competence
  • Test via nasopharyngeal swab - deep in nasal cavity 10 secs twist 3 times
40
Q

Influenza Structure

A
  • RNA 8 strands
  • Lipid envelope
  • Capsid
  • Glycoprotein spikes hemagglutinin (HA) & neuraminidase (NA)
41
Q

Glycoprotein Spikes

A
  • Attachment & release of newly formed virions during replication
  • Mutation can occur - antigenic nature changes (antigenic drift)
42
Q

Antigenic Shift

A
  • Complete change in HA/NA or both
  • Increases disease susceptibility
43
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • Fungal disease caused by yeast (histoplasma capsulatum)
  • Infection similar to TB
  • May be progressive & spread to other organs (severe)
  • Associated with bird/bat droppings
44
Q

Aspergillosis

A
  • Fungus grows in lung tissue, forms compact ball of fungal mycelium
  • Colonizes in healed lung scar/abscess from previous disease
  • Blocks resp passageways
  • Surgery often needed to remove fungi mass
45
Q

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

A
  • Biochemical evidence that it may be a fungus
  • Associated with HIV & AIDS patients
  • Grows in lungs of immunocompromised causing severe consolidation
  • Half the deaths of AIDS associated with this pneumonia
  • Present in lungs of most people, doesn’t invade unless immunocompromised
46
Q

Why Test for Pathogens

A
  • Controlling infections
  • Preventing antibiotic resistance
  • Early outbreak detection
  • Compliance with regulations
  • Public health research
47
Q

iSTAT Machines

A
  • Portable mini-labs used in hospitals
  • Tiny drop on venous blood
  • Analyze blood with sensors & chemicals in special cartridge
  • Provide quick oxygen levels & substance balances
48
Q

CHEM8 (Chemistry 8 Panel)

A
  • Glucose
  • BUN
  • Creatinine
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Total carbon dioxide (TCO2)
    *Assess metabolic & electrolyte status
49
Q

CG4 (Blood Gas 4 Panel)

A
  • pH
  • Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
  • Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
  • Bicarb (HCO3)
    *Assess acid-base balance & respiratory status
50
Q

cTNI (Cardiac Troponin I)

A
  • Protein marker for heart attack
    *diagnose heart related conditions
51
Q

Strep Throat Swap Tests

A
  • Detect streptococcus pyogenes
  • Untreated strep can lead to rheumatic fever
  • Distinguish infections - most strep viral = negative test
52
Q

Strep Rapid Test

A
  • Detects antigen on group A strep bacteria
  • Can produce false negatives, miss actual infections
53
Q

Nasopharyngeal Swaps

A
  • COVID 19 & influenza testing
  • Target upper resp tract
  • Swab back of nasal cavity - viral genetic material
54
Q

Sputum Samples

A
  • Diagnosis pneumonia & TB
  • Cough to produce lower resp tract sample
  • Determine if pneumonia is bacterial, fungal, viral
  • Determine if TB active & drug susceptibility
    *At least 3 sputum samples should be microscopy tested, same day 1h+ apart
55
Q

Gastric Lavage

A
  • TB testing for children who can’t produce enough sputum
  • Preformed 3 consecutive mornings
  • Mucous swallowed during sleep
56
Q

Bronchoscopy

A
  • TB diagnosis when sputum samples inconclusive/smear-negative
  • Detect lung cancer & other pulmonary conditions
  • Patient discomfort, high cost, risk of TB transmission
57
Q

Mycobacterial Culture

A
  • Gold standard for active TB diagnosis
  • Identifies strain, determines susceptibility, allows genetic studies
  • Results take 2-8 weeks

3820: Microbiology & Immunology (11 decks)

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