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MTB x > week 9 part 2 > Flashcards

week 9 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in the mid of 1800’s?

A

Important time for the development of cognitive, behavioral neuroscience

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2
Q

What were scientists and medics trying to undersyand?

A

How is emotion regulated (James + Large or Cannon + Bard)

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3
Q

What is theory of emotion proposed by Cannon-Bard?

A

The experience of emotion occurs alongside our experience of the arousal

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4
Q

What is the theory of James-Lange?

A

Emotion is the result of arousal, arousal and the emotion are not independent, but rather that the emotion depends on the arousal

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5
Q

What are inter-linked?

A

The history of limbic system and fear

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6
Q

What were neuroanatomist trying to identify?

A

Location of behaviour in the brain

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7
Q

William James and Carl Lange (1880’s)

A

Developed a theory saying that

  1. Autonomic responses are reflexes that occur quickly
  2. Emotional experience reflect autonomic reactivity
  3. This theory of emotion did not explain emotions extend beyond the time of excitation of autonomic system
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8
Q

What did Cannon and Bard argue ?

A

Emotion was not only produced by autonomic sensation

Central system for emotions in the brain was required

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9
Q

What did Cannon and Bard’s studies suggest?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus as a mediators or emotion

These structures could regulate autonomic responses, as well as cognitive side of emotion

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10
Q

What did Cannon and Bard suggest?

A
  1. Exposed to experience
  2. Integrate with a cognitive attribute
  3. Respond - happens in the hypothalamus and thalamus
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11
Q

What did Paul Broca define and propose?

A

Defined the limbic lobe

1878: proposed a ring of gray matter on the medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere

he proposed this is where emotions are processd

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12
Q

What did James Papez define?

A

A limbic system that explains relationship between emotion and memory (Papez circuit)

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13
Q

What does Papez circuit include?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Parahippocampal gyrus
  3. Hippocampus
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14
Q

What didn’t the Papez circuitry include?

A

Amygdala

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15
Q

What did James Papez create?

A

Modern conception of the limbic system

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16
Q

Where is Papez circuit located?

A

Ring structure in the border

Between cerebral hemisphere and brainstem

On both side of the thalamus
beneath the cerebrum

17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A network of cortical and subcortical nuclei interconnected by cortico-cortical pathways

18
Q

What is the main function of limbic system?

A

The limbic system regulates emotion
modulates motivation
learning and memory

19
Q

What is the limbic system considered to be ?

A

Regulator of the emotional brain

20
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional and motivational aspect of behaviour
provides emotional component to learning associated with memory
especially the hippocampus
Associated with pain/pleasure, anger

21
Q

What is no longer considered part of the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus

2. Mamillary bodies

22
Q

What does modern limbic system include?

A
  1. orbital and medial prefrontal cortex

2. amygdala

23
Q

What are important in the experience of emotion?

A
  1. orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
  2. Amygdala
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Ventral tegmentum
24
Q

What are the key regulators which integrate information in limbic system?

A

Amygdala

25
Q

What is integrated in the limbic system?

A
  1. Decision making
  2. Emotional cognition
  3. Emotional memory
  4. Fear
26
Q

What are the components of Limbic system?

A
  1. Amygdaloid body (amygdala)
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Cingulate gyrus
  4. Parahippocampal gyrus
  5. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
  6. Prefrontal cortex
27
Q

What is recognised as a key coordinator of fear processing ?

A

Amygdala

28
Q

What does amygdala link?

A

Cortical processing (PFC) to the hypothalamus and other subcortical brain structures important for emotional behaviour

29
Q

Amygdala

A

Relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioural autonomic and endocrine responses seen in species-SELF preservation

30
Q

What are the functions of amygdala?

A
  1. Fight/flight behaviour
  2. Feeding and drinking
  3. Mating and maternal care
  4. Responses to physical or emotional stressors
31
Q

What are 3 types of evidence supporting the role of amygdala in emotional responses?

A
  1. Lesions in monkeys amygdala impair normal emotional behaviour
  2. FMRI studies shows activation of amygdala responds to emotional changes in humans
  3. Classical fear conditioning is prevented by lesions of lateral nucleus of amygdala in mouse
32
Q

What did Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy do?

A

Removed the temporal lobes, including the amygdala and hippocampus, bilaterally in humans

They observed a dramatic change in emotional behaviour

33
Q

What were examples of dramatic change in emotional behaviour?

A
  1. Monkeys became tame, fearless and had ‘‘blunted’’ emotions
  2. Increased oral activity, including placing inedible objects in their mouth
  3. Exhibited increased sexual behaviour, mounting inappropriate objects
34
Q

What does damage to lateral nucleus of amygdala prevent?

A

Acquisition and expression of fear responses to auditory stimulus

35
Q

What does neural responses to sound and shock converge on?

A

Same single neuron in lateral nucleus of amygdala

36
Q

What is response to sound enhanced by?

A

Conditioning in which the sound is paired with shock

MTB x (15 decks)

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