week 9- music and emotion Flashcards
what are 3 consistent findings in the broader literature pertaining to emotions and music
- listeners most sensitive to happy and sad
- tempo best predicts sensitivity
- mode (major = happy; minor = sad) more culture-specific
what are discrete emotions? name all 6
a basic set of innate emotions that serve an adaptive function
-anger, surprise, disgust, enjoyment, fear, and sadness
what do researchers say about the brain pertaining to discrete emotions
there are dedicated brain areas for each of the 6 emotions (ex. amygdala- fear)
what are continuous emotions? what model is used to represent them?
the circumplex model maps emotions onto two dimensions: valence and arousal
when do emotions occur according to continuous emotion theorists?
following cognitive appraisal
match the following emotions to where they would be on the circumplex model:
1. anger
2. happiness
3. sadness
4. peace
- Anger: negative valence, high arousal
- Happiness: positive valence, high arousal
- Sadness: negative valence, low arousal
- Peace: positive valence, low arousal
what does the BRECVEM model do?
acknowledges multiple mechanisms by which music can induce emotion. Can be: fleeting or long lasting, specific or ineffable, innate or learned ,low-level (physiological) or cognitive (involving evaluation, etc.)
what does BRECVEM stand for?
B- brainstem reflex
R-rhythmic entrainment
E-evaluative conditioning
C-emotional contagion
V-visual imagery
E-expectancy
M-episodic memory
Explain the 2 main points for the B mechanism in BRECVEM
-brainstem arousal is modulated by sudden, loud or unpleasant sounds
-THIS IS ADAPTIVE
what is the frequency following response
neurons fire at a stimulus rate which originate in the auditory brainstem. The fidelity (the degree to which a sound recording or reproduction accurately reflects the original sound source) is then measured by an EEG
explain the findings of certain frequency following response studies
-certain combinations of musical tones played simultaneously sound more pleasing (consonant) than other
displeasant tones (dissonant)
-fidelity of the FFR strongly correlated with listener pleasantness ratings
explain the R in BRECVEM
heart and breathing rate synchronize to musical pulse, driving pulse may induce arousal
explain the first E in BRECVEM
music (CS) previously paired with positive or negative stimulus (UCS) now induces same emotion on its own (CR)
explain the C in BRECVEM (use an example for this)
-mediated by mirror neuron system
-like when you see someone yawn, so you yawn, or when a baby sees you cry, so they cry
explain the V in BRECVEM
imagining a story or certain images may elicit emotion
explain the second E in BRECVEM
emotions from music fulfill and deny expectancy (like when you anticipate the next chord in music and its right, it elicits emotion)
explain the M in BRECVEM
-music can evoke a memory and the emotion associated with the memory
-remembering can also give rise to new emotions (e.g., nostalgia)
explain the study conducted by Janata (2009) pertaining to music nostalgia and its findings
Janata (2009) scanned participants’ brains while they heard songs from their teenage years
-activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) positively associated with participant ratings of autobiographical associations with songs
according to Janata (2009), where in the brain is music nostalgia located
medial prefrontal cortex
why do some alzheimers patients have preserved memory and attention for music from their youth?
because the medial prefrontal cortex is preserved late into alzheimers after other parts of the brain have deteriorated, so their music nostalgia stays with them longer
explain Juslin et al.’s (2008) study pertaining to undergraduate students and their listening habits
they found that students listened to music for 37% of their daily lives, and the most common reason for doing this is for EMOTION REGULATION (to strategically create and enhance a particular mood or emotion)
what is the scale that Saarikallio (2008) developed to identify 7 different mood regulation strategies involving music among adolescents
Music in Mood Regulation Scale (MMR)
what are the 7 strategies in the Music in Mood Regulation Scale?
MMR1: Entertainment
MMR2: Revival
MMR3: Strong Sensation
MMR4: Mental Work
MMR5: Diversion
MMR6: Solace
MMR7: Discharge
explain the entertainment strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
is about creating a nice atmosphere and a happy feeling in order to maintain or enhance current positive mood
e.g., “I listen to music to make cleaning and doing other housework more
pleasant”
explain the revival strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
represents personal renewal: relaxing and getting new energy when feeling stressed or tired
ex. “When I’m exhausted, I get new energy from music”
explain the strong sensation strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
about searching for intense emotional experiences
ex. “Sometimes music feels so great that I get goose bumps (in a positive sense)”
explain the mental work strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
using music as a framework for mental contemplation
and reappraisal of emotional preoccupations
ex. “Music helps me to understand different feelings in myself”
explain the diversion strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
means forgetting unwanted thoughts and feelings with the help of pleasant music
ex. “For me, music is a way to forget about my worries”
explain the solace strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
about searching for feelings of being accepted and understood when feeling sad or troubled
ex. “Music is like a friend who understands my worries”
explain the discharge strategy in the MMR and use a quote to explain
about emotional disclosure, releasing anger or sadness through music that expresses these emotions
ex. “When everything feels miserable, I start to listen to music that expresses these feelings”
describe 2 pieces of evidence that explains why discharge might be maladaptive
-discharge scores were correlated with neuroticism and anxiety
-some listeners were saddened by listening to sad music (most likely in females, people with elevated depressed mood, and those with strained peer relationships)
what is one conflicting piece of evidence that shows why discharge may not be maladaptive
when researchers presented participants with death metal, the top 3 emotions from fans were power, peace, and joy, while the non fans top 3 emotions were fear, anger, and tension
how many people report enjoying sad music?
50%
what is the pleasurable compassion theory?
people who like to listen to sad music score high in empathetic concern (compassion) and fantasy, and low on personal distress
