week 12- benefits of art and music

Question 1

what are the 4 types of transfer?

Answer 1

1. Near transfer- learning in one area improves learning in another similar area
2. Far transfer- learning in one area improves learning in a very different are
3. Low road- transfer that occurs automatically
4. High road- explicitly taught how principle from one domain can be applied to another

Question 2

what are the 2 main problems in transfer claims?

Answer 2

1. low road and far transfer most elusive yet most widely claimed benefit of arts
   education
2. transfer is an inherently causal claim but evidence is often correlational

Question 3

what are the 3 main challenges to doing experimental studies in children and academic achievement

Answer 3

1. to establish cause, achievement scores need to be collected before and after experiment
2. random assignment is difficult in school settings
3. experimental and control conditions must have teachers of similar quality

Question 4

explain Rauscher et al (1995) study on the mozart effect

Answer 4

researchers had participants either listen to silence, relaxation instructions, or mozart, then do spatial reasoning tasks. Researchers found that task performance significantly increased after listeninhgto mozart, and the effect lasted 15 mins

Question 5

what is one alternate explanation to the mozart effect

Answer 5

mood effect- listening mozart improved their mood, performed better

Question 6

what are the 2 main benefits of art therapy as shown by Winner?

Answer 6

1. reduces stress and improves mood in adults and children
2. improves emotional functioning in clinical populations

Question 7

explain Drake and Winner’s (2011) study on mood and art

Answer 7

-they induced sad mood in participants using a movie clip, then had then perform a writing or drawing task.
-they asked afterwards: “Which of the following functions did the task serve for you?” - two choices: “It helped me vent my feelings” (venting), “It helped me
to think about things other than the movie clip” (distraction).
-they found that for non artists, art can be used as a distraction from real life problems which improves mood more than using art to explore negative feelings

Question 8

what 2 spillover effects can hearing loss create?

Answer 8

1. social isolation
2. money problems

Question 9

explain Wingfield’s (2005) study on hearing loss

Answer 9

they presented spoken word lists to older adults with good
hearing or hearing loss and adjusted volume so that both groups could hear the words. participants were stopped at a random time and asked to say what the last three words were. researchers found that hearing loss group was good at remembering the final word that they heard, but bad at remembering the previous two. This shows that the hearing loss group was actually hearing the words, but the extra effort of hearing came at the expense of being able to remember

Question 10

lots of studies showing mood-boosting effects of group singing. explain Good & Russo (2022)’s 2 proposed hypotheses within their study

Answer 10

1. social bonding account- H1- oxytocin should increase during group but not individual singing
2. stress regulation account- H2- cortisol (“stress hormone”) should be reduced in group and
   individual singing

Question 11

explain the findings of Good & Russo (2022)’s study on group singing

Answer 11

they rejected both hypotheses and concluded that mood boost
“predominantly due to social factors rather than individual factors”