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Movement Science > Week 9 - Memory & Motor Learning > Flashcards

Week 9 - Memory & Motor Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Two factors that can detrimentally affect our patient’s memory.

A
  1. Encoding (formation)

2. Consolidation

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2
Q

What are the two dimensions of classification for memory?

A
  1. Nature of the information stored (multiple memory systems)
  2. Time course of storage (multi-store model)
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3
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory consists of:

A
  1. Semantic memory

2. Episodic memory

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4
Q

What type of memory involves knowing facts about the world around you?

A

Semantic memory

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5
Q

What type of memory has the capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred and requires additional brain areas?

A

Episodic memory

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6
Q

What region of the brain mediates declarative memory?

A

medial temporal region, including hippocampus, amygdala, and hippocampal gyrus

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7
Q

Procedural (implicit) memory is:

A
  • encompasses habits and motor behaviors
  • recalled without conscious effort
  • assessed through testing of motor skills
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8
Q

The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory is comprised of the following 3 components:

A
  • sensory register
  • short-term (working) memory
  • long-term storage
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9
Q

Sensory register (aka somatosensory memory) has the following features:

A
  • large, almost limitless, capacity
  • very short duration (250-1000 ms) that is long enough to perceive stimuli
  • ability to be discarded without selective attention (brain filters out unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working memory)
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10
Q

Selective attention works between which two components of the multi-store model?

A

sensory register and working (short-term) memory

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11
Q

Working (short-term) memory features:

A
  • plays active role in processing of conscious thoughts
  • small, limited capacity (7+ items)
  • brief duration (20-30 sec) that is lost without rehearsal
  • chunking (grouping items to make larger collections in memory & identifying relationships between items)
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12
Q

Long-term memory features:

A
  • relatively limitless capacity for rehearsed items
  • possibly lifelong duration
  • forgetting possible due to different types of interference or retrieval failure
  • different types of information stored (declarative & non-declarative)
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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory formation?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Storage
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14
Q

encoding (def)

A

memory representation formed

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15
Q

rehearsal (def)

A

transform representation from working memory to long-term storage

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16
Q

consolidation (def)

A

memory becomes more permanent

17
Q

stabilization (def)

A

maintenance of motor skill performance off-line without practice; not dependent on sleep

18
Q

enhancement (def)

A

improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent

19
Q

storage (def)

A

maintenance of memory over time

20
Q

reactivation (def)

A

memory brought out of storage for use

21
Q

People are susceptible to interference and/or performance deterioration _________

A

While memory formation occurs, but before consolidation has occurred.

22
Q

Encoding is (fast/slow) learning?

A

FAST LEARNING

  • formation of the memory trace during active practice of task
  • defined by rehearsal in working memory
  • highly influenced by selective attention and active problem solving
23
Q

Fast learning can also be called _____.

A

Within-session learning

24
Q

What happens during fast learning in the encoding stage?

A
  • learner processes relevant information about task
  • makes associations between goal, movement, and movement outcome
  • feedback used to modulate further responses
  • manipulation of practice environment will influence cognitive processing (ex. random vs blocked practice)
25
Q

Fast learning lasts ______.

A

minutes to hours

26
Q

Is fast learning sensitive to disruption?

A

yes

27
Q

The consolidation stage of memory formation encompasses:

A
  • ability to stabilize and enhance memories off-line
  • majority of learning takes place after practice within 3-4 hours
  • molecular mechanisms give rise to structural changes at synapses (long-term potentiation, gene transcription, and protein synthesis)
28
Q

Motor memory consolidation is susceptible to interference by _________

A

external influences

29
Q

Susceptibility to interference (increases/decreases) in the course of time after motor memories are formed?

A

decreases (near-linear curve from 0-4 hours)

30
Q

Learning and recall of movement skill can be enhanced by:

A
  • increasing amount of original learning
  • fostering understanding of task to be learned
  • mnemonics
  • contextual interference during practice
  • spacing of practice (distributed practice)
31
Q

Does exercise contribute to maintaining or enhancing cognitive function?

A

YES

32
Q

Different stages of memory formation were facilitated depending on ______ of exercise performance.

A

time

33
Q

Exercise performed before or during learning exposure activates mechanisms that lower threshold for acquisition. true/false

A

true

34
Q

Long-term exercise does not improve memory significantly. true/false

A

true, but does effect mechanism for memory processing

35
Q

What is unique to REM sleep?

A

EEG patterns are similar to normal wakefulness pattern

36
Q

What stage of memory formation is enhanced by sleep?

A

Consolidation; motor memories are consolidated during repeated cycles of slow-wave and REM sleep

37
Q

Which stage of consolidation (stabilization/enhancement) is dependent on sleep?

A

enhancement

38
Q

Do older, healthy adults show significant sleep-dependent improvement in spatial learning or fine motor tasks after sleeping?

A

NO, just a little

39
Q

What are clinical applications of sleep on motor learning?

A
  • conduct PT session later in day/in evening
  • quiet environment to ensure better sleep
  • nap following PT session
  • assess effects of depression, medication, and sleep apnea

Movement Science (7 decks)

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