Week 3 - Learning concepts

Question 1

Difference between performance and learning?

Answer 1

Transient vs. permanent

Question 2

What is acquisition ?

Answer 2

experience of gaining skill proficiency.

Question 3

how does motor skill learning advance?

Answer 3

through stages controlled by different neurobiological mechanisms

Question 4

What is fast acquisition?

Answer 4

within session learning

Question 5

What is slow acquisition?

Answer 5

inter - session learning.

Question 6

What is retention?

Answer 6

Assessing performance of skill practiced during acquisition phase under same conditions.

Question 7

Immediate retention?

Answer 7

reflect fast learning mechanisms

Question 8

Delayed retention?

Answer 8

reflect slow learning

Question 9

What is transfer?

Answer 9

Proficiency of a learned skill applied in different conditions.

Question 10

What is the most commonly observed performance curve?

Answer 10

quarter circle in upper left quadrant.

fast to learn in the beginning, but slows down after more time.

Question 11

Key points about performance curves

Answer 11

1. rate of improvement is task specific
2. Negatively accelerated pattern is most typical.
   - during acquisition phase, large initial improvement which slows later in practice

Question 12

What is Power Law of Practice?

Answer 12

Time to complete tasks will decrease with number of trials

Question 13

What is a performance plateau?

Answer 13

transitional period in learning process.

Question 14

Does presence of a plateau mean that learning has ceased?

Answer 14

NO!

Question 15

What does practice do to the brain?

Answer 15

induces learning dependent changes in functional networks of the brian

Question 16

What is motor memory?

Answer 16

representation of motor action in all forms, from skeletal movement to language,
acquired through practice

Question 17

Experience dependent plasticity

Answer 17

…

Question 18

Use it or lose it

Answer 18

Failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation

Question 19

Use it and improve it

Answer 19

Training that drives specific brain function can lead to enhancement

Question 20

Specificity

Answer 20

Nature of training determines the nature of the plasticity

Question 21

repetition matters

Answer 21

Induction of plasticity requires repetition

Question 22

intensity matters

Answer 22

induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

Question 23

Time matters

Answer 23

Different forms of plasticity occur at diff. times during training

Question 24

Salience matters

Answer 24

training must have sufficient meaning to learner to induce plasticity

Question 25

age matters

Answer 25

plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains

Question 26

transference

Answer 26

plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors.

Question 27

Interference

Answer 27

Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors

Question 28

What is a well defined goal?

Answer 28

1. focus on what activities have to be done. 2. assist in managing effort given - physical vs. cognitive 3. focus the attention 4. reference for performance comparison

Question 29

What leads to greater retention rates?

Answer 29

specific goals

Question 30

How do you set the stage for learning success?

Answer 30

PRESENTATION of skills to be learned

Question 31

How do you present skills to be learned?

Answer 31

1. introduction 2. verbal instruction 3. demonstration

Question 32

How to introduce skill?

Answer 32

what you are about to learn and why | Establish MOTIVATIONAL factors

Question 33

How to use verbal instructions?

Answer 33

1. communicate general idea - concise 2. Establish regulations of task - speed vs. accuracy 3. define learners FOCUS OF ATTENTION

Question 34

Where should learners attention be focused?

Answer 34

1. width (broad vs. narrow) | 2. direction ( inward or outward)

Question 35

What is an internal focus of attention?

Answer 35

Instructions refer to performers movements, describe certain body parts

Question 36

What is an external focus of attention?

Answer 36

attention directed at the effects of one's movements on environment

Question 37

Motor skills are best learned when attention is focused were??????

Answer 37

Externally!!!!`

Question 38

What is the constrained action hypothesis? | IE. why is internal focus bad?

Answer 38

Internal focus results in a conscious attempt to control movements which interferes with automatic motor control process.

Question 39

Action effect hypothesis? | IE. why is external focus good?

Answer 39

Instructions directed at outcome of movement are more effective. - simplifies brain's movement planning

Question 40

What is discovery learning?

Answer 40

Requires learner to independently discover optimal solution to a given movement problem - problem solve

Question 41

Clinical applications to discover learning

Answer 41

1. present a movement problem 2. simplify learning environment - reduce degrees of freedom that must be controlled by the learner

Question 42

What is demonstration? (modeling)

Answer 42

watching another person perform a movement before attempting - most common means of communicating how to do a skill

Question 43

What makes a better demonstrators? expert or novice?

Answer 43

Novice

Question 44

Skilled demonstrator vs. Unskilled demonstrator

Answer 44

...

Question 45

What are the benefits of a skilled model?

Answer 45

1. the more correct the model, the more correct the perceived representation 2. observer perceives info about strategies used to solve problem

Question 46

unskilled model

Answer 46

1. discourages imitation - encourages active problem solving 2. enhances self confidence 3. effective for early learner only

Question 47

When should we demonstrate?

Answer 47

1. before person begins practicing | 2. with continued demonstration as often as necessary

Question 48

When should learner imitate | for concurrent imitation?

Answer 48

1. when model moves | 2. good during acquisition, but does not require much cognitive effort

Question 49

What is delayed imitation?

Answer 49

1. learner imitates after model moves 2. forces learner to retain concept of task 3. Not as effective as concurrent

Question 50

Auditory modeling?

Answer 50

1. Skills where goal is to move in certain time or rhythm | - Dance steps

Question 51

What is more effective? visual or auditory?

Answer 51

Auditory.

Question 52

Visual modeling?

Answer 52

Info presented with words alone: 10 % retention | Add a picture: 65% retention

Question 53

Demonstration: Clinical application

Answer 53

1. pre practice demonstration is better 2. demonstration is best when skill requires a new pattern of coordination 3. when learning a new skill, use verbal cues with a visual demonstration 4. demonstrations should be frequent. 5. make sure observer sees critical features of skill 6. observation by a beginner of another beginner can facilitate learning 7. use auditory demonstration for skills involving rhythm.