Week 3 - Learning concepts Flashcards
Difference between performance and learning?
Transient vs. permanent
What is acquisition ?
experience of gaining skill proficiency.
how does motor skill learning advance?
through stages controlled by different neurobiological mechanisms
What is fast acquisition?
within session learning
What is slow acquisition?
inter - session learning.
What is retention?
Assessing performance of skill practiced during acquisition phase under same conditions.
Immediate retention?
reflect fast learning mechanisms
Delayed retention?
reflect slow learning
What is transfer?
Proficiency of a learned skill applied in different conditions.
What is the most commonly observed performance curve?
quarter circle in upper left quadrant.
fast to learn in the beginning, but slows down after more time.
Key points about performance curves
- rate of improvement is task specific
- Negatively accelerated pattern is most typical.
- during acquisition phase, large initial improvement which slows later in practice
What is Power Law of Practice?
Time to complete tasks will decrease with number of trials
What is a performance plateau?
transitional period in learning process.
Does presence of a plateau mean that learning has ceased?
NO!
What does practice do to the brain?
induces learning dependent changes in functional networks of the brian
What is motor memory?
representation of motor action in all forms, from skeletal movement to language,
acquired through practice
Experience dependent plasticity
…
Use it or lose it
Failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation
Use it and improve it
Training that drives specific brain function can lead to enhancement
Specificity
Nature of training determines the nature of the plasticity
repetition matters
Induction of plasticity requires repetition
intensity matters
induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
Time matters
Different forms of plasticity occur at diff. times during training
Salience matters
training must have sufficient meaning to learner to induce plasticity
age matters
plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains
transference
plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors.
Interference
Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors
What is a well defined goal?
- focus on what activities have to be done.
- assist in managing effort given - physical vs. cognitive
- focus the attention
- reference for performance comparison
What leads to greater retention rates?
specific goals
How do you set the stage for learning success?
PRESENTATION of skills to be learned
How do you present skills to be learned?
- introduction
- verbal instruction
- demonstration
How to introduce skill?
what you are about to learn and why
Establish MOTIVATIONAL factors
How to use verbal instructions?
- communicate general idea - concise
- Establish regulations of task - speed vs. accuracy
- define learners FOCUS OF ATTENTION
Where should learners attention be focused?
- width (broad vs. narrow)
2. direction ( inward or outward)
What is an internal focus of attention?
Instructions refer to performers movements, describe certain body parts
What is an external focus of attention?
attention directed at the effects of one’s movements on environment
Motor skills are best learned when attention is focused were??????
Externally!!!!`
What is the constrained action hypothesis?
IE. why is internal focus bad?
Internal focus results in a conscious attempt to control movements which interferes with automatic motor control process.
Action effect hypothesis?
IE. why is external focus good?
Instructions directed at outcome of movement are more effective.
- simplifies brain’s movement planning
What is discovery learning?
Requires learner to independently discover optimal solution to a given movement problem
- problem solve
Clinical applications to discover learning
- present a movement problem
- simplify learning environment
- reduce degrees of freedom that must be controlled by the learner
What is demonstration? (modeling)
watching another person perform a movement before attempting
- most common means of communicating how to do a skill
What makes a better demonstrators? expert or novice?
Novice
Skilled demonstrator vs. Unskilled demonstrator
…
What are the benefits of a skilled model?
- the more correct the model, the more correct the perceived representation
- observer perceives info about strategies used to solve problem
unskilled model
- discourages imitation - encourages active problem solving
- enhances self confidence
- effective for early learner only
When should we demonstrate?
- before person begins practicing
2. with continued demonstration as often as necessary
When should learner imitate
for concurrent imitation?
- when model moves
2. good during acquisition, but does not require much cognitive effort
What is delayed imitation?
- learner imitates after model moves
- forces learner to retain concept of task
- Not as effective as concurrent
Auditory modeling?
- Skills where goal is to move in certain time or rhythm
- Dance steps
What is more effective? visual or auditory?
Auditory.
Visual modeling?
Info presented with words alone: 10 % retention
Add a picture: 65% retention
Demonstration: Clinical application
- pre practice demonstration is better
- demonstration is best when skill requires a new pattern of coordination
- when learning a new skill, use verbal cues with a visual demonstration
- demonstrations should be frequent.
- make sure observer sees critical features of skill
- observation by a beginner of another beginner can facilitate learning
- use auditory demonstration for skills involving rhythm.
