WEEK 9: Knowledge

Question 1

KNOWLEDGE
A type of knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties.

Answer 1

Conceptual Knowledge

Question 2

According to Smith, concept is the “_______ ___________ of a class or individual”.

Answer 2

Mental representation

Question 3

According to Kiefer & Pulvermüller concepts are the categories of _______, ______, and ________ _________.

Answer 3

Objects, events, and abstract ideas

Question 4

This includes all possible examples of a particular concept. In this way, concepts provide the rules for creating it.

Answer 4

Category

Question 5

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Deciding whether something is a member of a certain category by determining whether it meets the criteria or definition of said category.

Answer 5

Definitional Approach

Question 6

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Proponent of the idea of “family resemblance”.

Answer 6

Wittgenstein

Question 7

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
The idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways.

Answer 7

Family Resemblance

Question 8

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category.

Answer 8

Prototype Approach

Question 9

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
It is a “typical” member of a category.

Answer 9

Prototype

Question 10

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION
Proponent of the Prototype Approach.

Answer 10

Eleanor Rosch

Question 11

PROTOTYPE APPROACH
A form of typicality in which a category member closely resembles the category prototype.

Answer 11

High Typicality

Question 12

PROTOTYPE APPROACH
A form of typicality in which the category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category.

Answer 12

Low Typicality

Question 13

EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY

Things in a category resemble each other in a number of ways.

Answer 13

Family Resemblance

Question 14

EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY

People react rapidly to members of a category that afe ”typical” of the category.

Answer 14

Typicality

Question 15

EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY

People are more likely to list some objects than others when asked to name objects in a category.

Answer 15

Naming

Question 16

EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY

Presentation of one stimulus affects responses to a following stimulus.

Answer 16

Priming

Question 17

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION

Involves determing whether an object is similiar to other objects. The standard approach involves many examples.

Answer 17

Exemplar Approach

Question 18

EXEMPLAR APPROACH

Actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past.

Answer 18

Exemplars

Question 19

TRUE OR FALSE | EXEMPLAR APPROACH

Prototypes can more easily take into account atypical cases than Exemplars.

Answer 19

FALSE, Exemplars can more easily take into account atypical cases.

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE | EXEMPLAR APPROACH

The exemplar approach doesn’t discard information that might be useful later or in different circumstances.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION

Concepts are arranged in networks. The first aim being to develop a computer model of human semantic memory.

Answer 21

Semantic Network Approach

Question 22

SEMANTIC NETWORK APPROACH

Each network consists of nodes connected by ____. Each ____ represents a category or concept and a number of properties are indicated for each.

Concepts are placed in such a way that related concepts are connected.

Answer 22

links; link

Question 23

SEMANTIC NETWORK APPROACH

Properties that hold for most members of a concept are stored at higher level nodes.

Answer 23

Cognitive Economy

Question 24

COGNITIVE ECONOMY

A form of dementia that causes general loss of knowledge for all concepts.

Answer 24

Semantic Dementia

Question 25

This is also called as **Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)**. An approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes.

Answer 25

Connectionist Model

Question 26

**CONNECTIONIST MODEL** What does **PDP** stand for?

Answer 26

**P**arallel **D**istributed **P**rocessing

Question 27

**CONNECTIONIST MODEL** This feature of the model determines how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.

Answer 27

Connection Weights

Question 28

**CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN** The hypothesis wherein one has the ability to identify one type of object but retain the ability to identify other types of objects.

Answer 28

Sensory-Functional Hypothesis

Question 29

**CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN** The approach that states that there are **specific neural circuits** in the brsin for some specific categories.

Answer 29

Semantic Category Approach

Question 30

**CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN** Focuses on areas of the brain that are specialized to respond to **specific types of stimuli**. It also emphasizes that the brain's response to items from a particular category is distributed over a number of different cortical areas that process sensory, motor affective and conceptual information and it is the **connectivity between these areas** that is central to this approach.

Answer 30

Semantic Category Approach

Question 31

**CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN** This approach focuses not on brain areas or networks but on **searching for more factors or dimensions** that determine how concepts are divided up within a category.

Answer 31

Multiple-Factor Approach

Question 32

**CONCEPTS IN THE BRAIN** This approach states that our knowledge of concepts is based on **reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object**. Concepts are grounded in perception and action.

Answer 32

Embodied Approach