WEEK 7: LTM Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Question 1

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

Maintaining the encoded information in memory

Answer 2

Storing

Question 3

Re-accessing information from the past which has been encoded and stored

Answer 3

Retrieving

Question 4

Refers to the form in which information is represented

Answer 4

Coding

Question 5

Transferring information from LTM into working memory

Answer 5

Retrieval

Question 6

A word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory

Answer 6

Retrieval cue

Question 7

Person is simply asked to recall stimuli

Answer 7

Free recall

Question 8

The person is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli

Answer 8

Cued recall

Question 9

The process of getting information and transferring to LTM

Answer 9

Encoding

Question 10

Enhanced performance due to retrieval practice

Answer 10

Testing effect

Question 11

Helps maintain information in STM but not an effective way of transferring information into STM

Answer 11

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 12

A better way to establish long-term memories

Answer 12

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 13

Memory depends on the _______ __ ______________ that an item receives

Answer 13

Depth of processing

Question 14

Involves little attention to meaning as when a phone number is repeated over and over

Answer 14

Shallow processing

Question 15

Involves close attention, focusing on an item’s meaning and relating it to something else

Answer 15

Deep processing

Question 16

Levels of processing during encoding:

Answer 16

1) Physical features
2) Rhyming
3) Fill in the blanks

Question 17

Physical features

Answer 17

Shallow processing

Question 18

Rhyming

Answer 18

Deeper processing

Question 19

Fill in the blanks

Answer 19

Deepest processing

Question 20

Factors that aid encoding & retrieval:

Answer 20

• Create connections
• Active memory
• Organization

Question 21

FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:

Interactive imagery (boat-free); link to self (self-reference effect)

Answer 21

Create connections

Question 22

FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:

Generate related ideas; testing

Answer 22

Active memory

Question 23

FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING & RETRIEVAL:

Recall by groups i.e., recall related items together; present in an organized way (“tree” experiment); meaningful framework (“balloon” experiment)

Answer 23

Meaningful framework

Question 24

MEMORY SPECIFIC ENCODING METHOD:

Using visual imagery can create connections that enhance memory

Answer 24

Forming visual images

Question 25

MEMORY SPECIFIC ENCODING METHOD: A list of word pairs is presented at encoding

Answer 25

Paired-associate learning

Question 26

LINKING WORDS TO YOURSELF: Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself

Answer 26

Self-reference effect

Question 27

GENERATING INFORMATION: Generating material yourself

Answer 27

Generation effect

Question 28

ORGANIZING INFORMATION: Remembering words in a particular category

Answer 28

Retrieval cue

Question 29

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: We encode information along with its context

Answer 29

Encoding specificity

Question 30

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: Going back to the event

Answer 30

Context reinstatement

Question 31

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: Learning that is associated with a particular internal state such as mood or state of awareness

Answer 31

State-dependent learning

Question 32

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: The correspondence between memory content and current mood state

Answer 32

Mood-congruent memory

Question 33

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: Past events that correspond to one's current mood are more likely to be retrieved and this phenomenon could play a role in the maintenance of depression

Answer 33

State-dependent learning

Question 34

CONDITIONS OF ENCODING & RETRIEVAL: Matching types of processing refers to the finding that memory performance is enhanced when the type of coding that occurs during acquisition matches the type of retrieval that occurs during a memory test.

Answer 34

Transfer-appropriate processing

Question 35

The process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state

Answer 35

Consolidation

Question 36

Involves structural changes at synapses

Answer 36

Synaptic consolidation

Question 37

Involves the gradual adaptation of neural circuits

Answer 37

Systems consolidation

Question 38

Standard model of consolidation

Answer 38

Systems consolidation

Question 39

What is consolidation facilitated by?

Answer 39

Sleep

Question 40

Can become susceptible to disruption when they are reactivated by retrieval. Must be reconsolidated after retrieval

Answer 40

Memories

Question 41

Used in treating conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 41

Reconsolidation therapy

Question 42

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Giving meaning by relating it to other things that you know.

Answer 42

Elaborate

Question 43

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Asking Why questions, prompting learners to come up with an explanation for a stated fact.

Answer 43

Elaborative interrogation

Question 44

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Testing is a form of generation.

Answer 44

Generate and test

Question 45

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Create a framework that helps relate some information to other information to make the material more meaningful and therefore strengthen encoding.

Answer 45

Organize

Question 46

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Short study sessions; sleeping soon after studying can improve consolidation which can result

Answer 46

Take breaks; spacing effect

Question 47

MEMORY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO STUDYING: Re-reading and familiarity effect, highlighting

Answer 47

Illusions of learning