Week 9 - GIT

Question 1

A 54-year-old patient presents to your department with pain in the abdomen. Upon examination, you elicit tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Name 4 organs located within the right hypochondrium.

Answer 1

Right hypochondrium - Organs:

1. Liver
2. Gallbladder
3. Hepatic flexure of colon
4. Right kidney

Question 2

At what vertebral level is the transpyloric plane? List four structures that can be found here.

Answer 2

Transpyloric plane is at L1

1. Pylorus
2. First part of duodenum
3. Origin of superior mesenteric artery
4. Splenic vein joins superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein
5. Hilum of the spleen
6. Hila of the kidneys
7. Root of transverse mesocolon
8. Neck of pancreas
9. Splenic and hepatic flexures of colon

Question 3

Which of the following correctly identifies the vertebral level at which the respective structures pass through the diaphragm?

• a) T8: SVC, right phrenic nerve; T10: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein; T12: oesophagus, vagus nerve
• b) T8: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, right phrenic vein; T10; oesophagus, vagus nerve; T12: IVC
• c) T8: IVC, right phrenic nerve; T10: oesophagus, vagus nerve; T12: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
• d) T8: IVC; left phrenic nerve; T10: oesophagus, vagus nerve; T12: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
• e) T8: SVC, left phrenic nerve; T10: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct; T12: oesophagus, vagus nerve

Answer 3

Which of the following correctly identifies the vertebral level at which the respective structures pass through the diaphragm?

c) T8: IVC, right phrenic nerve; T10: oesophagus, vagus nerve; T12: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
d) T8: IVC; left phrenic nerve; T10: oesophagus, vagus nerve; T12: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
e) T8: SVC, left phrenic nerve; T10: abdominal aorta, thoracic duct; T12: oesophagus, vagus nerve

Question 4

Which of the following ligaments of the liver is responsible for its attachment to the anterior abdominal wall?

• a) Round ligament/ligamentum teres hepatis
• b) Falciform ligament
• c) Triangular ligament
• d) Coronary ligament
• e) Hepatoduodenal ligament

Answer 4

b) Falciform ligament

Question 5

List four structures found within the porta hepatis.

Answer 5

Right and left branches of the hepatic artery

Right and left hepatic ducts

Portal vein

Lymphatics

Sympathetic and vagal nerve fibres

Question 6

The transition from the embryological foregut to midgut occurs just below the ………………….

The arterial supply of the foregut is from the ……………., and the midgut is supplied by the …………………………………

The transition from the embryological midgut to hindgut occurs at the ………………………………… The arterial supply of the hindgut is from the ………………………………..

Answer 6

The transition from the embryological foregut to midgut occurs just below the major duodenal papilla.

The arterial supply of the foregut is from the celiac trunk, and the midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

The transition from the embryological midgut to hindgut occurs at the distal third of the transverse colon. The arterial supply of the hindgut is from the inferior mesenteric artery.