Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSS4108 > Week 9: Ethical Considerations > Flashcards

Week 9: Ethical Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What are ethics?

A

study of whether something is morally right or wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 4 ethical considerations in HTAs?

A
  1. to analyze the consequence of implementing/not implementing a health tech
  2. making it accessible and useful to users
  3. brings awareness to the possibility of ethical issues that arise with technologies
  4. discuss and examine ALL potential moral issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between Ethical Analysis and Ethical Implications?

A

Ethical Analysis = “should we do this?”, “what are the ethical arguments for doing or not doing it?”

Ethical implications = “what will happen if we do this?”, “How should we do this (in order to fulfill ethical values)?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 4 ethical triggers in HTAs?

A

1) Affects human dignity, integrity, infringes on human rights, limits autonomy

2) Screening of diseases that are not treatable, funded by health care, treatment options pose
significant risks to patients

3) Concerns about significant demands on health care resources

4) Involves technologies used for the beginning of life (e.g., reproductive technologies) or end of life
health care services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two dimensions of ethics?

A
  1. Facts
  2. Values
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the dimension of “facts” in ethics?

A

What empirical claims are being made about the technology?

How do we know this to be true?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the dimension of “Values” in ethics?

A

Why is the technology claimed to matter?
Is this really what matters most?
What else matters to
us?
What facts are relevant?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What examples of technological innovation can challenge ethical norms?

A
  • Genetic testing
  • Use of stem cells to grow new tissues
  • Allocation of scarce organs for transplantation
  • Life-support systems for critically ill patients
  • Screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 factors that determine the choice of approaches/processes for conducting a formal analysis of ethical aspects?

A

1) The type of technology being assessed
2) The role and authority of the HTA organization in the national decision-making procedure
3) The time and resources available for the assessment
4) The methodological expertise and experience with ethical analysis that are available within the
organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the 2 most supported evidence bases to find literature on Ethical aspects than an HTA?

A
  1. systematic reviews
  2. Meta-analyses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 6 broad ethical questions?

A

1.Benefit-harm balance
2. Autonomy
3. Respect for persons
4. Justice and equity
5. Legislation
6. Ethical consequences of the HTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The question is: “What are the known and estimated benefits and harms for patients when
implementing or not implementing the technology”? What broad question is this?

A

Benefit-harm balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The question is: “Are there any other hidden or unintended consequences of the technology and
its applications for patients/users, relatives, other patients, organizations,
commercial entities, society, etc.?” . What broad question is this?

A

Benefit-harm balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The question is: “Does the implementation or use of the technology affect the patient’s
capability and possibility to exercise autonomy?”. What broad question is this?

A

Autonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The question is: “Is there a need for any specific interventions or supportive actions concerning
information in order to respect patient autonomy when the technology is used?” . What broad question is this?

A

Autonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The question is: “Does the implementation or use of the technology affect the patient’s moral,
religious, or cultural integrity?”. What broad question is this?

A

Respect for persons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The question is: “How are technologies with similar ethical issues treated in the health care
system?”. What broad question is this?

A

Justice and equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The question is: “Are there factors that could prevent a group or person from gaining access to
the technology?”. What broad question is this?

A

Justice and equity

19
Q

The question is: “Can the use of technology pose ethical challenges that have not been
considered in the existing legislations and regulations?”. What broad question is this?

A

Legislation

20
Q

The question is: “Does the implementation or use of the technology affect the realisation of
basic human rights?”. WHat broad question is this?

A

Legislation

21
Q

The question is: “What are the ethical consequences of the choice of endpoints, cut-offs values
and comparators/controls in the assessment?”. What broad question is this?

A

Ethical consequences of the HTA

22
Q

The question is: “Are there any ethical problems related to the data or the assumptions in the
economic evaluation?”. What is the broad question?

A

Ethical consequences of the HTA

23
Q

What is a cochlear implant?

A

an electronic device that improves hearing in people who have severe hearing loss due to damage of the inner ear

  • surgically implanted
  • most common in children (seen as a conflicting value)
24
Q

What is some of the conflicting values with cochlear implants in children?

A
  • seen as remedy to deafness or a threat against Sign Language as a natural language in deaf community
  • some say use cochlear implant, if it doesn’t work THEN kids can learn sign language
  • evidence points to bimodal bilingual training as the optimal choice for
    cochlear implanted children
  • isolation of deaf community
25
Q

What are the 6 methods used for ethical analysis in HTAs?

A
  1. Casuistry
  2. Coherence Analysis (CA)
  3. Principlism
  4. Interactive participatory HTA approach (iHTA)
  5. The social shaping of technology
  6. Wide Reflective Equilibrium (WRE)
26
Q

What is Casuistry?

A

Solves morally challenging situations by comparing them with relevant and similar cases where an
undisputed solution exists

  • look at past decision –> “precedence model”
27
Q

What is Coherence Analysis (CA)?

A
  • logical and consistent
  • procedural and pragmatic approach
  • Tests the consistency of ethical argumentation, values or theories on different levels, with an ideal goal of a logically coherent set of arguments
  • for more extraordinary technologies
28
Q

How is evidence organized in a Coherence Analysis (x4)?

A
  1. Society’s normative framework relevant to the technology
  2. Society’s, patients’ and scientists’ expectations regarding the impact of the technology (fears,
    expectations)
  3. Society’s general objectives and visions
  4. Interpretation of the past and present `biography´ of the society, or parts of it (deeply held,
    fundamental values and views central to individuals’ and society’s self-image)
29
Q

What is principlism?

A

based on the idea that there are principles, rooted in society, that are based on a
common morality

there are 4 principles

30
Q

What are the 4 principles of Principlism?

A
  1. Respect for Autonomy
  2. non- maleficence
  3. Beneficence
  4. Justice
31
Q

What is the principle “respect for autonomy”?

A

respect a person’s freedom to choose what is right for them

32
Q

What is the principle of Non-maleficience?

A

Do no harm

33
Q

What is the principle of Beneficience?

A

all choices for a patient are made with the intent to do good
making sure to balance benefits against risks and costs

34
Q

What is the principle of Justice?

A

Treat and provide care fairly to all patients
Fair distribution of benefits, risks, and costs

35
Q

What is iHTA?

A

-for an intersubjective consensus on ethically problematic issues, reached through real
discourse

  • integrates patients’, professionals’ and other stakeholders’ perspectives into HTA

-procedural approach

  • asking what kinds of values are at stake, whose values these are, and who
    the important stakeholders are.
  • informative, not dictative
36
Q

What is the “social shaping of technology”?

A

interaction between society and technology
-emphasizes how to shape technology in the best ways to benefit people and be managed by society
-views technology as the product of societal processes

37
Q

What is Wide Reflective Equilibrium (WRE)?

A

based on pragmatism and social constructivism

-Balance between moral beliefs, principles, and theories

-Aims at a coherent conclusion by a process of reflective mutual adjustment among general principles
and particular judgements

-ALL possible situations, arguments, and judgments need to be taken into account and brought into a coherent whole through rational reflection

38
Q

What is an example of Wide Reflective Equilibrium being used?

A

Military interventions should not be allowed –> killing human beings is wrong –> military
interventions tend to involve killing

39
Q

What are the 2 best methods of ethical anaylsis for complex interventions like cochlear implants?

A
  1. iHTA!!
    - the interactive and flexible nature of this approach makes it suitable for handling the unpredictability embedded in complex interventiosn
  2. Wide Reflective Equilibrium
    - flexible and open for different perspectives
40
Q

What ethical analyse approaches are more rigid for complex health interventions?

A
  • principlism
  • casuistry
41
Q

Does the legal framework forms a basis for professional ethical codes?

A

YES

42
Q

social consequences of implementing a technology may differ largely from consequences of
patient-level primary outcomes . True or false

A

TRUE

43
Q

implementation of a new technology will not only have an effect on health, functional abilities and
psychosocial well-being but also on social networks and need of support. True or false

A

TRUE

44
Q
A

HSS4108 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions